Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks: Analysis, Modelling and Optimization in Live 3G Mobile Communications

Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 15
About the Contributors......Page 17
Foreword......Page 21
Preface......Page 23
Acknowledgements......Page 27
List of Abbreviations......Page 29
Part I Cellular Mobile Systems......Page 35
1 Introduction to Radio and Core Networks of UMTS......Page 39
1.1 UMTS Network Architecture......Page 41
1.2 UTRAN Architecture......Page 42
1.2.1 UTRAN Protocol Architecture......Page 43
1.2.2 Physical Layer Data Processing in the UTRAN Radio Interface......Page 47
1.3 UMTS PS-core Network Architecture......Page 50
1.4 A Data Session in a 3G Network......Page 52
1.4.1 The UMTS (PS-core) Protocol Stack......Page 53
1.4.2 The Protocols......Page 54
1.5 Differences between 2.5G and 3G Core Network Entities......Page 57
1.5.1 GPRS Channels......Page 58
1.5.3 The GPRS Protocol Stack......Page 59
1.6 HSDPA: an Evolutionary Step......Page 61
1.6.1 Architecture of HSDPA......Page 62
1.6.2 Difference between UMTS and HSDPA......Page 63
1.6.3 Transport and Control Channels......Page 65
References......Page 66
Part II Analysis and Modelling of the Wireless Link......Page 69
2 Measurement-based Analysis of UMTS Link Characteristics......Page 73
2.1.1 General Setup......Page 74
2.1.2 Mobility Scenarios......Page 76
2.2.1 Link Error Probability......Page 80
2.2.3 TTI-burstlength, TTI-gaplength......Page 82
2.2.4 TB Error Bursts, TB Error Clusters......Page 84
2.2.5 The Influence of TPC on Link Error Characteristics......Page 86
2.2.6 Statistical Dependency between Successive Gaps/Bursts......Page 88
2.2.7 Block Error Ratio (BLER)......Page 89
2.3 Dynamic Bearer Type Switching......Page 90
2.3.1 Measurement-based Analysis of Dynamic Bearer Type Switching......Page 91
References......Page 94
3.1 Modelling Erroneous Channels – A Literature Survey......Page 95
3.2 Link Error Models for the UMTS DCH......Page 100
3.2.1 Link Error Modelling – ‘Dynamic’ Case......Page 101
3.2.2 Link Error Modelling – ‘Static’ Case......Page 103
3.3 Impact of Channel Modelling on the Quality of Services for Streamed Video......Page 109
3.3.2 Experimental Setup......Page 110
3.3.3 Simulation Results for H.264 Encoded Video over Error Prone Links......Page 112
3.4.1 Four-state Markov Model......Page 117
3.4.2 Enhanced Four-state Model......Page 118
References......Page 120
4 Analysis of Link Error Predictability in the UTRAN......Page 123
4.1.1 Detection of Start of Intervals......Page 124
4.1.2 Interval Length L_i......Page 125
4.2 Estimation of Expected Failure Rate......Page 126
References......Page 129
Part III Video Coding and Error Handling......Page 131
5.1.1 Video Sampling......Page 135
5.1.2 Compression Mechanisms......Page 137
5.1.3 Structure of Video Streams......Page 141
5.1.5 Reference Software......Page 142
5.2.1 Error Propagation......Page 143
5.2.2 Standardized Error Resilience Techniques......Page 144
5.2.3 Alternative Error Resilience Techniques......Page 145
5.3 Error Concealment......Page 146
5.3.1 Spatial Error Concealment......Page 147
5.3.2 Temporal Error Concealment Methods......Page 149
5.4 Performance Indicators......Page 152
References......Page 154
6 Error Detection Mechanisms for Encoded Video Streams......Page 159
6.1.1 Structure of VCL NALUs......Page 160
6.1.2 Rules of Syntax Analysis......Page 162
6.1.3 Error-handling Mechanism......Page 165
6.1.4 Simulation Setup......Page 167
6.1.5 Subjective Quality Comparison......Page 168
6.1.6 Detection Performance......Page 169
6.2.1 Impairments in the Inter Frames......Page 171
6.2.2 Impairments in the Intra Frames......Page 172
6.2.3 Performance Results......Page 173
6.3 Fragile Watermarking......Page 174
6.4.1 Signalling of Synchronization Points......Page 180
6.4.2 Codes for Length Indicators......Page 182
6.5 From Error Detection to Soft Decoding......Page 185
6.5.1 Sequential CAVLC Decoder......Page 186
6.5.2 Additional Synchronization Points......Page 187
6.5.4 Performance......Page 188
References......Page 191
Part IV Error Resilient Video Transmission over UMTS......Page 193
7.1.1 Introduction......Page 197
7.1.2 System Overview......Page 198
7.1.3 Video Codecs in 3GPP......Page 200
7.1.4 Bearer and Transport QoS......Page 203
7.2.1 3G Dedicated Channel Link Layer......Page 205
7.2.2 Experimental Results for Conversational Video......Page 207
7.2.3 Experimental Results for Moderate-delay Applications......Page 209
7.2.4 System Design Guidelines......Page 211
7.3.1 Multimedia Telephony Services......Page 212
7.3.2 Multimedia Download Delivery......Page 214
7.3.3 Multimedia Streaming Services over MBMS......Page 215
References......Page 218
8 Cross-layer Error Resilience Mechanisms......Page 221
8.1.1 Error Detection at RLC Layer......Page 222
8.1.2 RLC PDU Based VLC Resynchronization......Page 223
8.1.3 Error Detection and VLC Resynchronization Efficiency......Page 225
8.2.1 Redundancy Control......Page 226
8.3.1 Scheduling Mechanism......Page 230
8.3.2 Performance Evaluation......Page 233
8.4.1 Scheduling Mechanism......Page 236
8.4.2 Distortion Estimation......Page 237
8.4.3 Performance Evaluation......Page 241
References......Page 243
Part V Monitoring and QoS Measurement......Page 245
9.1 Introduction to Traffic Monitoring......Page 249
9.2 Network Monitoring via Traffic Monitoring: the Present and the Vision......Page 250
9.3 A Monitoring Framework for 3G Networks......Page 253
9.4.1 Optimization in the Core Network Design......Page 254
9.4.2 Parameter Optimization......Page 255
9.4.3 What-if Analysis......Page 256
9.4.4 Detecting Anomalies......Page 257
9.5 Examples of User-centric Applications......Page 258
9.5.1 Traffic Classification......Page 259
9.6 Summary......Page 260
References......Page 261
10.1.1 Motivations and Problem Statement......Page 263
10.1.2 Input Traces......Page 267
10.1.3 Diagnosis based on Aggregate Traffic Rate Moments......Page 268
10.1.4 Diagnosis based on TCP Performance Indicators......Page 273
10.2.1 Motivations......Page 277
10.2.2 Measurement Methodology......Page 278
10.2.3 Detecting Micro Congestion Caused by High-rate Scanners......Page 279
10.2.4 Revealing Network Equipment Problems......Page 283
10.2.5 Exploiting One-way Delays for Online Anomaly Detection......Page 284
References......Page 288
11 End-to-End Video Quality Measurements......Page 291
11.1 Test Methodology for Subjective Video Testing......Page 294
11.1.1 Video Quality Evaluation......Page 295
11.1.3 Source Materials......Page 297
11.2.1 Subjective Quality Tests on SIF Resolution and H.264/AVC Codec......Page 299
11.3.1 Temporal Segmentation......Page 301
11.3.3 Content Sensitive Features......Page 302
11.3.4 Hypothesis Testing and Content Classification......Page 308
11.3.5 Video Quality Estimation for SIF-H.264 Resolution......Page 309
11.3.6 Content Based Video Quality Estimation......Page 310
11.3.7 Ensemble Based Quality Estimation......Page 314
References......Page 317
Part VI Packet Switched Traffic – Evolution and Modelling......Page 321
12.1.1 Analysed Traces......Page 325
12.1.2 Daily Usage Profile for UMTS and GPRS......Page 326
12.2.1 Volumes and User Population in GPRS and UMTS......Page 327
12.2.2 Fraction of Volume per Service......Page 330
12.2.3 Service Mix Diurnal Profile......Page 332
12.2.4 Grouping Subscribers per Service Access......Page 334
12.3 Analysis of the PDP-context Activity......Page 335
12.3.2 Distribution of PDP-context Duration......Page 336
12.3.3 The Volume of a PDP-context......Page 341
12.3.4 Total Volume and Number of PDP-contexts per Group......Page 342
12.4 Detecting and Filtering of Malicious Traffic......Page 343
References......Page 345
13.1 Introduction to Flow Analysis......Page 347
13.1.1 Heavy Tailed......Page 348
13.1.2 The Flow......Page 349
13.2.1 Pre-evaluation of the Dataset......Page 351
13.2.2 Parameter Estimation......Page 352
13.3.1 Evolution of the TCP/UDP and Application Flow Lengths from 2005 to 2007......Page 355
13.3.2 Example Validation of the Datasets......Page 356
13.3.3 Scaling Analysis of the Heavy Tail Parameter......Page 357
13.3.4 Fitting Flow Size and Duration......Page 358
13.3.5 Mice and Elephants in Traffic Flows......Page 362
References......Page 364
14.1 Motivation......Page 367
14.2 Modelling HTTP Browsing Sessions for the Mobile Internet Access......Page 369
14.2.1 HTTP Traffic Model......Page 371
14.3 Modelling FTP Sessions in a Mobile Network......Page 375
14.3.1 Modelling FTP Sessions......Page 376
14.3.2 Fitting the Parameters......Page 377
14.4.1 Email Protocols of the Internet......Page 378
14.4.2 A POP3 Email Model for High RTT Networks......Page 380
14.4.3 Simulation Setup......Page 384
References......Page 386
15 Traffic Models for Specific Services......Page 389
15.1 Traffic Models for Online Gaming......Page 390
15.1.1 Traffic Model for a Fast Action Game: Unreal Tournament......Page 392
15.1.2 Traffic Model for a Real Time Strategy Game: Star Craft......Page 395
15.1.3 Traffic Model for a Massive Multiplayer Online Game: World ofWarcraft......Page 396
15.2 A Traffic Model for Push-to-Talk (Nokia)......Page 404
15.2.1 AMR: Facts from the Data Sheets......Page 405
15.2.3 PTT Model......Page 406
References......Page 408
Index......Page 411