Living in the Environment (ecology)

Cover Page......Page 1
Become more aware of current environmental issues and succeed in your course!......Page 2
Succeed in the course with these dynamic online resources!......Page 3
Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
About the Cover Photo......Page 8
Detailed Contents......Page 9
Core Case Studies and the Sustainability Theme......Page 18
Critical Thinking......Page 19
Major Changes in This Edition: A Closer Look......Page 20
Supplements for Students......Page 21
Supplements for Instructors......Page 22
Guest Essayists......Page 23
Cumulative Reviewers......Page 24
About the Authors......Page 27
You Can Improve Your Study and Learning Skills......Page 29
You Can Improve Your Critical Thinking Skills: Become Good at Detecting Baloney......Page 30
Help Us Improve This Book......Page 32
CORE CASE STUDY: A Vision of a More Sustainable World in 2060......Page 33
1-1: What Are Three Principles of Sustainability?......Page 34
1-2: How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth?......Page 40
CASE STUDY: China’s New Affluent Consumers......Page 46
1-3: Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?......Page 48
CASE STUDY: The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga, Tennessee......Page 53
REVISITING: A Vision of a More Sustainable Earth......Page 56
CORE CASE STUDY: How Do Scientists Learn about Nature? A Story about a Forest......Page 59
2-1: What Do Scientists Do?......Page 60
SCIENCE FOCUS: Easter Island: Some Revisions in a Popular Environmental Story......Page 63
SCIENCE FOCUS: Statistics and Probability......Page 65
2-2: What Is Matter?......Page 66
2-3: What Happens When Matter UndergoesChange?......Page 70
2-4: What Is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes Change?......Page 72
2-5: What Are Systems and How Do They Respond to Change?......Page 76
SCIENCE FOCUS: The Usefulness of Models......Page 77
REVISITING: The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and Sustainability......Page 79
CORE CASE STUDY: Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing......Page 82
3-1: What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive?......Page 83
3-2: What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem?......Page 86
SCIENCE FOCUS: Many of the World’s Most Important Organisms Are Invisible to Us......Page 90
3-3: What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem?......Page 91
3-4: What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem?......Page 94
SCIENCE FOCUS: Water’s Unique Properties......Page 96
3-5: How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems?......Page 103
SCIENCE FOCUS: Satellites, Google Earth, and the Environment......Page 104
REVISITING: Tropical Rain Forests and Sustainability......Page 105
CORE CASE STUDY: Why Should We Protect Sharks?......Page 108
4-1: What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important?......Page 109
SCIENCE FOCUS: Have You Thanked the Insects Today?......Page 111
4-2: How Does the Earth’s Life Change over Time?......Page 113
Case Study: How Did Humans Become Such a Powerful Species?......Page 115
4-3: How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution?......Page 116
4-4: How Do Speciation, Extinction, and Human Activities Affect Biodiversity?......Page 118
SCIENCE FOCUS: Changing the Genetic Traits of Populations......Page 120
4-5: What Is Species Diversity and Why Is ItI mportant?......Page 121
SCIENCE FOCUS: Species Richness on Islands......Page 122
4-6: What Roles Do Species Play in an Ecosystem?......Page 123
CASE STUDY: Cockroaches: Nature’s Ultimate Survivors......Page 124
CASE STUDY: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing?......Page 125
CASE STUDY: The American Alligator—A Keystone Species That Almost Went Extinct......Page 127
REVISITING: Sharks and Sustainability......Page 129
CORE CASE STUDY: The Southern Sea Otter: A Species in Recovery......Page 132
5-1: How Do Species Interact?......Page 133
SCIENCE FOCUS: Threats to Kelp Forests......Page 136
5-2: What Limits the Growth of Populations?......Page 140
SCIENCE FOCUS: Why Do California’s Sea Otters Face an Uncertain Future?......Page 142
CASE STUDY: Exploding White-Tailed Deer Populations in the United States......Page 143
5-3: How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions?......Page 146
SCIENCE FOCUS: How Do Species Replace One Another in Ecological Succession?......Page 149
REVISITING: Southern Sea Otters and Sustainability......Page 150
CORE CASE STUDY: Slowing Population Growth in China: A Success Story......Page 153
6-1: How Many People Can the Earth Support?......Page 154
SCIENCE FOCUS: Projecting Population Change......Page 156
SCIENCE FOCUS: How Long Can the Human Population Keep Growing?......Page 157
6-2: What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population?......Page 158
CASE STUDY: The U.S. Population Is Growing Rapidly......Page 159
CASE STUDY: The United States: A Nation of Immigrants......Page 162
6-3: How Does a Population’s Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?......Page 163
CASE STUDY: The American Baby Boom......Page 165
6-4: How Can We Slow Human Population Growth?......Page 167
CASE STUDY: Slowing Population Growth in India......Page 170
REVISITING: Population Growth in China and Sustainability......Page 172
CORE CASE STUDY: Different Climates Support Different Life Forms......Page 175
7-1: What Factors Influence Climate?......Page 176
7-2: How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Location of Biomes?......Page 180
SCIENCE FOCUS: Staying Alive in the Desert......Page 184
7-3: How Have We Affected the World’s Terrestrial Ecosystems?......Page 192
REVISITING: Climate, Biodiversity, and Sustainability......Page 193
CORE CASE STUDY: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs?......Page 196
8-1: What Is the General Nature of Aquatic Systems?......Page 197
8-2: Why Are Marine Aquatic Systems Important?......Page 200
8-3: How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems?......Page 206
CASE STUDY: The Chesapeake Bay—An Estuary in Trouble......Page 207
8-4: Why Are Freshwater Ecosystems Important?......Page 209
CASE STUDY: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans......Page 212
8-5: How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems?......Page 214
REVISITING: Coral Reefs and Sustainability......Page 215
CORE CASE STUDY: Polar Bears and Climate Change......Page 218
9-1: What Role Do Humans Play in the Extinction of Species?......Page 219
SCIENCE FOCUS: Estimating Extinction Rates......Page 220
CASE STUDY: The Passenger Pigeon: Gone Forever......Page 222
9-2: Why Should We Care about the Rising Rate of Species Extinction?......Page 223
9-3: How Do Humans Accelerate Species Extinction?......Page 225
CASE STUDY: The Kudzu Vine......Page 229
CASE STUDY: Where Have All the Honeybees Gone?......Page 232
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: A Scientist Who Confronted Poachers......Page 234
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: A Disturbing Message from the Birds......Page 235
9-4: How Can We Protect Wild Species fromExtinction?......Page 237
SCIENCE FOCUS: Accomplishments of the EndangeredSpecies Act......Page 239
CASE STUDYTrying to Save the California Condor......Page 241
REVISITING: Polar Bears and Sustainability......Page 242
CORE CASE STUDY: Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement......Page 245
10-1: What Are the Major Threats to Forest Ecosystems?......Page 246
SCIENCE FOCUS: Putting a Price Tag on Nature’s Ecological Services......Page 249
CASE STUDY: Many Cleared Forests in the United States Have Grown Back......Page 253
10-2: How Should We Manage and Sustain Forests?......Page 257
SCIENCE FOCUS: Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber......Page 258
CASE STUDY: Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis......Page 260
CASE STUDY: The Malpai Borderlands......Page 262
CASE STUDY: Stresses on U.S. Public Parks......Page 264
SCIENCE FOCUS: Reintroducing the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park......Page 266
CASE STUDY: Costa Rica—A Global Conservation Leader......Page 269
10-5: What Is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Biodiversity?......Page 270
SCIENCE FOCUS: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica......Page 273
CASE STUDY: The Blackfoot Challenge—Reconciliation Ecology in Action......Page 274
REVISITING: The Green Belt Movement and Sustainability......Page 275
CORE CASE STUDY: Protecting Whales: A Success Story . . . So Far......Page 278
11-1: What Are the Major Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity?......Page 279
SCIENCE FOCUS: Oceanbots to the Rescue......Page 281
CASE STUDY: Invaders Have Ravaged Lake Victoria......Page 282
SCIENCE FOCUS: How Carp Have Muddied Some Waters......Page 283
SCIENCE FOCUS: Clashing Scientific Views Can Lead to Cooperation and Progress......Page 286
11-2: How Can We Protect and Sustain Marine Biodiversity?......Page 288
CASE STUDY: Holding Out Hope for Marine Turtles......Page 289
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Creating an Artificial Coral Reef in Israel......Page 292
11-3: How Should We Manage and Sustain Marine Fisheries?......Page 293
11-4: How Should We Protect and Sustain Wetlands?......Page 295
CASE STUDY: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades?......Page 296
CASE STUDY: Can the Great Lakes Survive Repeated Invasions by Alien Species?......Page 298
11-6: What Should Be Our Priorities for Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity?......Page 301
REVISITING: Whales and Sustainability......Page 302
CORE CASE STUDY: Organic Agriculture Is Onthe Rise......Page 305
12-1: What Is Food Security and Why Is It Difficultto Attain?......Page 306
12-2: How Is Food Produced?......Page 308
CASE STUDY: Hydroponics: Growing Crops without Soil......Page 310
SCIENCE FOCUS: Soil Is the Base of Life on Land......Page 312
CASE STUDY: Industrialized Food Production in the United States—The First Green Revolution......Page 313
12-3: What Environmental Problems Arise from Industrialized Food Production?......Page 316
12-4: How Can We Protect Crops from Pests More Sustainably?......Page 325
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Rachel Carson......Page 326
CASE STUDY: Ecological Surprises: The Law of Unintended Consequences......Page 328
12-5: How Can We Improve Food Security?......Page 331
12-6: How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably?......Page 332
CASE STUDY: Soil Erosion in the United States......Page 334
CASE STUDY: Raising Salmon in an Artificial Ecosystem......Page 337
SCIENCE FOCUS: The Land Institute and Perennial Polyculture......Page 340
REVISITING: Organic Agriculture andSustainability......Page 342
CORE CASE STUDY: The Colorado River Story......Page 345
13-1: Will We Have Enough Useable Water?......Page 346
CASE STUDY: Freshwater Resources in the United States......Page 348
SCIENCE FOCUS: Water Footprints and Virtual Water......Page 349
13-2: Is Extracting Groundwater the Answer?......Page 352
CASE STUDY: Aquifer Depletion in the United States......Page 354
13-3: Is Building More Dams the Answer?......Page 356
13-4: Is Transferring Water from One Place to Another the Answer?......Page 358
CASE STUDY: California Transfers Massive Amounts of Water from Water-Rich Areas to Water-Poor Areas......Page 359
CASE STUDY: The Aral Sea Disaster: A Striking Example of Unintended Consequences......Page 360
13-5: Is Converting Salty Seawater to Freshwater the Answer?......Page 361
13-6: How Can We Use Water More Sustainably?......Page 362
13-7: How Can We Reduce the Threat of Flooding?......Page 368
CASE STUDY: Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh......Page 369
REVISITING: The Colorado River and Sustainability......Page 371
CORE CASE STUDY: The Real Cost of Gold......Page 374
14-1: What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and Hazards?......Page 375
14-2: How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled?......Page 381
14-3: What Are Mineral Resources and What Are the Environmental Effects of Using Them?......Page 383
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Maria Gunnoe......Page 387
14-4: How Long Will Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last?......Page 388
CASE STUDY: An Outdated Mining Subsidy: The U.S. General Mining Law of 1872......Page 390
SCIENCE FOCUS: The Nanotechnology Revolution......Page 393
CASE STUDY: Pollution Prevention Pays......Page 394
REVISITING: Gold Mining and Sustainability......Page 395
CORE CASE STUDY: A Brief History of Human Energy Use......Page 398
15-1: What Is Net Energy and Why Is It Important?......Page 399
15-2: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Oil?......Page 402
CORE CASE STUDY: Heavy Oil from Tar Sand......Page 406
15-3: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Natural Gas?......Page 408
15-4: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Coal?......Page 409
CASE STUDY: The Problem of Coal Ash......Page 412
15-5: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Nuclear Energy?......Page 414
CASE STUDY: Chernobyl: The World’s Worst Nuclear Power Plant Accident......Page 417
CASE STUDY: High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States......Page 419
REVISITING: The History of Energy Use and Sustainability......Page 422
CORE CASE STUDY: Amory Lovins and the Rocky Mountain Institute......Page 425
16-1: Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource?......Page 426
16-2: How Can We Cut Energy Waste?......Page 428
CASE STUDY: Saving Energy and Money with a Smarter Electrical Grid......Page 429
SCIENCE FOCUS: The Search for Better Batteries......Page 432
16-3: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Solar Energy?......Page 437
16-4: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydropower?......Page 443
16-5: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wind Power?......Page 444
CASE STUDY: The Astounding Potential for Wind Power in the United States......Page 446
16-6: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Biomass as an Energy Resource?......Page 447
CASE STUDY: Is Ethanol the Answer?......Page 449
CASE STUDY: Getting Gasoline and Diesel Fuel from Algae and Bacteria......Page 451
16-7: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Geothermal Energy?......Page 452
16-8: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydrogen as an Energy Resource?......Page 454
SCIENCE FOCUS: The Quest to Make Hydrogen Workable......Page 456
16-9: How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?......Page 457
REVISITING: The Rocky Mountain Institute and Sustainability......Page 460
CORE CASE STUDY: Are Baby Bottles and Food Cans Safe to Use? The BPA Controversy......Page 464
17-1: What Major Health Hazards Do We Face?......Page 465
17-2: What Types of Biological Hazards Do We Face?......Page 466
CASE STUDY: The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis......Page 467
SCIENCE FOCUS: Genetic Resistance to AntibioticsIs Increasing......Page 468
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Three College Students Have Saved Thousands of Lives......Page 469
SCIENCE FOCUS: Ecological Medicine: Tracking How Humans Can Get Infectious Diseases from Other Animals......Page 470
CASE STUDY: Malaria—The Spread of a Deadly Parasite......Page 471
CASE STUDY: PCBs Are Everywhere—A Legacy of Industry......Page 474
SCIENCE FOCUS: Mercury’s Toxic Effects......Page 476
CASE STUDY: Protecting Children from Toxic Chemicals......Page 479
17-5: How Do We Perceive Risks and How Can We Avoid the Worst of Them?......Page 485
CASE STUDY: Death from Smoking......Page 486
REVISITING: Bisphenol A and Sustainability......Page 490
CORE CASE STUDY: South Asia’s Massive Brown Clouds......Page 493
18-1: What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere?......Page 494
CASE STUDY: The South Asian Brown Clouds, Melting Glaciers, and Atmospheric Cooling......Page 495
18-2: What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollution Problems?......Page 496
CASE STUDY: Lead Is a Highly Toxic Pollutant......Page 499
SCIENCE FOCUS: Detecting Air Pollutants......Page 501
18-3: What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem?......Page 504
18-4: What Are the Major Indoor Air Pollution Problems?......Page 509
CASE STUDY: Radioactive Radon Gas......Page 511
18-5: What Are the Health Effects of Air Pollution?......Page 512
18-6: How Should We Deal with Air Pollution?......Page 513
CASE STUDY: U.S. Air Pollution Laws Can Be Improved......Page 514
REVISITING: The South Asian Brown Clouds and Sustainability......Page 517
CORE CASE STUDY: Melting Ice in Greenland......Page 520
19-1: How Might the Earth’s Temperature and Climate Change in the Future?......Page 521
SCIENCE FOCUS: How Valid Are IPCC Conclusions?......Page 526
SCIENCE FOCUS: Using Models to Project Future Changes in Atmospheric Temperatures......Page 528
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Sounding the Alarm—James Hansen......Page 530
19-2: What Are Some Possible Effects of a Warmer Atmosphere?......Page 532
19-3: What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Disruption?......Page 538
SCIENCE FOCUS: Science, Politics, and Climate......Page 539
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: John Sterman’s Bathtub Model......Page 540
SCIENCE FOCUS: Is Capturing and Storing CO2 the Answer?......Page 543
SCIENCE FOCUS: What Is a Pollutant?......Page 545
19-4: How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do about It?......Page 549
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina—A Scientific Story of Expertise, Courage, and Persistence......Page 550
REVISITING: Melting Ice in Greenland and Sustainability......Page 552
CORE CASE STUDY: Lake Washington......Page 556
20-1: What Are the Causes and Effects of Water Pollution?......Page 557
20-2: What Are the Major Water Pollution Problems in Streams and Lakes?......Page 561
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: John Beal Planted Treesto Restore a Stream......Page 563
Case Study: Pollution in the Great Lakes......Page 566
20-3: What Are the Major Pollution Problems Affecting Groundwater and Other Drinking Water Sources?......Page 567
CASE STUDY: Protecting Watersheds Insteadof Building Water Purification Plants......Page 570
CASE STUDY: Is Bottled Water a Good Option?......Page 571
20-4: What Are the Major Water Pollution Problems Affecting Oceans?......Page 572
SCIENCE FOCUS: Oxygen Depletion in the Northern Gulf of Mexico......Page 574
20-5: How Can We Best Deal with Water Pollution?......Page 576
CASE STUDY: The U.S. Experience with Reducing Point-Source Pollution......Page 577
SCIENCE FOCUS: Treating Sewage by Working with Nature......Page 581
REVISITING: Lake Washington and Sustainability......Page 582
CORE CASE STUDY: E-waste—An Exploding Problem......Page 585
21-1: What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems?......Page 586
21-2: How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?......Page 589
SCIENCE FOCUS: Garbology and Tracking Trash......Page 591
CASE STUDY: We Can Use Refillable Containers......Page 592
CASE STUDY: Recycling Plastics......Page 595
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Mike Biddle’s Contribution to Recycling Plastics......Page 596
SCIENCE FOCUS: Bioplastics......Page 597
21-4: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste?......Page 598
CASE STUDY: Recycling E-Waste......Page 601
CASE STUDY: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States......Page 606
21-6: How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?......Page 607
CASE STUDY: Industrial Ecosystems: Copying Nature......Page 609
REVISITING: E-Waste and Sustainability......Page 610
COER CASE STUDY: Cities and Sustainability The Ecocity Concept in Curitiba, Brazil......Page 614
22-1: What Are the Major Population Trends in Urban Areas?......Page 615
CASE STUDY: Urbanization in the United States......Page 618
22-2: What Are the Major Urban Resource and Environmental Problems?......Page 621
CASE STUDY: Mexico City......Page 624
22-3: How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts?......Page 626
CASE STUDY: Zipcars......Page 628
22-4: How Important Is Urban Land-Use Planning?......Page 631
CASE STUDY: Smart Growth in Portland, Oregon......Page 632
22-5: How Can Cities BecomeMore Sustainable and Livable?......Page 633
CASE STUDY: The New Urban Village of Vauban......Page 634
SCIENCE FOCUS: Urban Indoor Farming......Page 636
CASE STUDY: A Living Building......Page 637
REVISITING: Curitiba, Brazil, and Sustainability......Page 638
CORE CASE STUDY: Muhammad Yunus
and Microloans for the Poor......Page 641
23-1: How Are Economic Systems Related to the Biosphere?......Page 642
23-2: How Can We Put Values on Natural Capital and Control Pollution and Resource Use?......Page 646
23-3: How Can We Use Economic Tools to Deal with Environmental Problems?......Page 649
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Ray Anderson......Page 654
23-4: How Can Reducing Poverty Help Us to Deal with Environmental Problems?......Page 655
23-5: How Can We Make the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies?......Page 658
REVISITING: Muhammad Yunus, Microloans,
and Sustainability......Page 662
CORE CASE STUDY: Denis Hayes—A Practical
Environmental Visionary......Page 665
24-1: What Is the Role of Government in Making the Transition to More Sustainable Societies?......Page 666
24-2: How Is Environmental Policy Made?......Page 669
CASE STUDY: Managing Public Lands in the United States—Politics in Action......Page 671
SCIENCE FOCUS: Science and Politics—Principles and Procedures......Page 672
24-3: What Is the Role of Environmental Law in Dealing with Environmental Problems?......Page 675
INDIVIDUALS MATTER: Diane Wilson......Page 677
24-4: What Are the Major Roles of Environmental Groups?......Page 679
CASE STUDY: The Natural Resources Defense Council......Page 680
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Butterfly in a Redwood Tree......Page 681
CASE STUDY: The Greening of American Campuses......Page 682
24-5: How Can We Improve Global Environmental Security?......Page 683
24-6: How Can We Implement More Sustainable and Just Environmental Policies?......Page 685
REVISITING: Denis Hayes and Sustainability......Page 686
CORE CASE STUDY: Biosphere 2—A Lesson in Humility......Page 689
25-1: What Are Some Major Environmental Worldviews?......Page 690
25-2: What Is the Role of Education in Living More Sustainably?......Page 694
INDIVIDUALL MATTER: Aldo Leopold’s Environmental Ethics......Page 696
25-3: How Can We Live More Sustainably?......Page 697
REVISITING: Biosphere 2 and Sustainability......Page 701
1: Measurement Units: Chapters 2, 3......Page 706
2: Reading Graphs and Maps: Chapters 1–24......Page 707
3: Environmental History of the United States: Chapters 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 22, 24, 25......Page 710
4: Some Basic Chemistry: Chapters 1–4, 12, 14, 17–19, 21......Page 715
5: Classifying and Naming Species: Chapters 1, 3–5, 9......Page 722
6: Components and Interactions in Major Biomes: Chapters 3, 7, 10, 16, 20......Page 724
7: Weather Basics: El Niño, Tornadoes,and Tropical Cyclones: Chapters 7, 18, 19......Page 730
8: Maps: Chapters 1, 3, 5–19, 22–24......Page 734
9: Environmental Data and Data Analysis: Chapters 3, 6, 7, 14–16, 19, 21–23, 25......Page 761
Glossary......Page 769
Index......Page 786