Thermoplastic Elastomers

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Half Title
Thermoplastic Elastomers
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Contents
Preface
Part 1. Modifications of Thermoplastic Starch
	1. Melt Blending with Thermoplastic Starch
		1. Introduction
		2. Thermoplastic starch preparation
		3. Rheological and thermal properties of water-free TPS
		4. Blending with polyethylene
			4.1 Effect of glycerol content on morphology
			4.2 Effect of TPS concentration on morphology
			4.3 Mechanical properties
				4.3.1 Elongation at break (b)
				4.3.2 Young’s modulus
			4.4 Connectivity of TPS particles
				4.4.1 Hydrolytic degradation of LDPE/TPS blends
				4.4.2 Enzymatic degradation of LDPE/TPS40 blends
				4.4.3 Microbial biodegradation
		5. Conclusions
		6. References
	2. Thermoplastic Cassava Flour
		1. Introduction
		2. Cassava
			2.1 Cassava flour
				2.1.1 Aplications
				2.1.2 Termoplastic cassava flour
		3. Related research
			3.1 Characterization of cassava flour
				3.1.1 High Resolution Optical Microscopy- HROM
				3.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy- SEM
				3.1.3 X-Ray diffaction
			3.2 Characterization of TPCF material
				3.2.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
				3.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis - TGA
		4. Conclusion
		5. Acknowledgment
		6. References
	3. Physical and/or Chemical Modifications of Starch by Thermoplastic Extrusion
		1. Introduction
		2. Starch
		3. Thermoplastic extrusion process
			3.1 Ready-to-eat cereals and snacks
				3.1.1 Oils
				3.1.2 Protein
				3.1.3 Fibers and resistant starch
				3.1.4 Antioxidant activity
			3.2 Chemical modification of starches
				3.2.1 Starch phosphates
				3.2.2 Acid-modified starch
			3.3 Biodegradable polymers
		4. Conclusion
		5. References
	4. Properties and Biodegradation Nature of Thermoplastic Starch
		1. Introduction
		2. Fabrication of thermoplastic starch
		3. Properties of thermoplastic starch
			3.1 Morphology
			3.2 Structure
			3.3 Mechanical behavior
			3.4 Thermal stability
			3.5 Glass transition temperature
		4. Biodegradation of thermoplastic starch-based materials
			4.1 Mineralization in liquid and solid media
			4.2 Application of the carbon balance methodology in solid medium
			4.3 By-products of degradation
			4.4 Residual material
			4.5 Mechanisms of biodegradation
		6. References
	5. Starch Protective Loose-Fill Foams
		1. Introduction
		2. Thermoplastic starch
		3. Methods of production
		4. Properties of the loose-fill foams
			4.1 Cell structure
			4.2 Foam unit density and bulk density
			4.3 Compressive stress
			4.4 Resiliency
			4.5 Friability
		5. Conclusions
		6. References
	6. Thermoplastic Starch
		1. Introduction
		2. Structure and chemistry of starch
		3. Thermoplastic starch
			3.1 Plasticisers
			3.2 Starch–Polymer blends
			3.3 Composites
			3.4 Stabilisers
			3.5 Starch derivatives
			3.6 Oxidised starch
		4. Processing
		5. Properties
			5.1 Property changes with time
		6. Biodegradation
		7. Applications
		8. Future directions
		9. Conclusion
		10. Appendix
			10.1 Abbreviations
		11. References
	7. Retrogradation and Antiplasticization of Thermoplastic Starch
		1. Introduction
		2. Basics of starch plasticization
		3. Mechanism of TPS retrogradation
		4. Effect of retrogradation on the property of thermoplastic starch
		5. Technologies to study the starch retrogradation
			5.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
			5.2 Differential thermal analysis
			5.3 X-ray diffraction
			5.4 Enzymatic susceptibility
			5.5 Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography
		6. Factors which can affect the retrogradation of starch
			6.1 Storage temperature
			6.2 Storage time
			6.3 Storage relative humility and plasticizer content
		7. TPS antiplasticization and its explanation
		8. Summary
		9. References
Part 2. Modifications of Thermoplastic Elastomers
	8. Thermoplastic Elastomers
		1. Introduction
		2. Thermoplastic elastomer
		3. Thermodynamics of elasticity
		4. Structure of thermoplastic elastomers
		5. Synthesis of thermoplastic elastomers
			5.1 One-step methods
			5.2 Two-step methods
		6. Processing methods
			6.1 Extrusion
			6.2 Injection molding
			6.3 Compression molding
			6.4 Transfer molding
			6.5 Blow molding
			6.6 Thermoforming
			6.7 Calendaring
		7. Plasticisers
		8. Additives
			8.1 Antioxidants
			8.2 Nucleating agents
			8.3 Colorants
			8.4 Flame retardants
		9. Composites
		10. Morphology
		11. Elastomer polymer blends
		12. Mechanical properties
			12.1 Stress-strain
			12.2 Dynamic mechanical analysis
			12.3 Creep and recovery
			12.4 Stress relaxation
			12.5 Strain hardening
			12.6 Tear strength
		13. Applications
		14. Future directions
		16. References
	9. Modification of Thermoplastics with Reactive Silanes and Siloxanes
		1. Introduction
		2. Reactive silanes and siloxanes
			2.1 Functional groups and reactive silanes in silicon chemistry
			2.2 Functional siloxanes and polysiloxanes
			2.3 Carbofunctional Silanes (CFS)
			2.4 Carbofunctional Polysiloxanes (CFPS)
				2.4.1 Synthesis of CFPS
			2.5 Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes (POSS)
		3. Technical applications of reactive silanes and siloxanes
			3.1 Applications of carbofunctional silanes
				3.1.1 Processes sol-gel
				3.1.2 Modification of polymers properties by CFS
				3.1.3 Modification of polyolefins
					3.1.3.1 Silane-crosslinked polyolefins
					3.1.3.2 Hydrosilylation of polyolefins
			3.2 Applications of carbofunctional polysiloxanes
				3.2.1 Modification of vinyl and acryl polymers by CFPS
					3.2.1.1 Polystyrene
					3.2.1.2 PVAL
					3.2.1.3 PVDF
					3.2.1.4 Acryl polymers
					3.2.1.5 Radical polymerization of dissymmetric fumarates
				3.2.2 Modification of condensation thermoplastics by CFPS
					3.2.2.1 Polyesters
					3.2.2.2 Polyamides
					3.2.2.3 Polyimides
					3.2.2.4 Modification of polycarbonates by CFPS
				3.2.3 Modification of polyurethanes and polyureas by CFPS
				3.2.4 Modifications of other polymers and polymeric materials by CFPS
			3.3 Composites and nanocomposites from thermoplastic polymers
				3.3.1 Modification of fillers properties by CFS
				3.3.2 Applications of silane-modified nano-fillers in thermoplastic composites
					3.3.2.1 Composites based on polyacrylates
					3.3.2.2 Composites based on polyolefins
				3.3.3 Applications of POSS-modified thermoplastic polymers
			3.4 Silicones and silica as flame retardant additives
			3.5 Applications of silane-modified thermoplastics in medicine
		4. Concluding remarks
		5. Acknowledgment
		6. References
	10. Advantages of Low Energy Adhesion PP for Ballistics
		1. Introduction
		2. Polypropylene and aramid
		3. Characterization of the composite material at high impact
		4. Processing of aramid/PP samples tested at high impact
		5. Measurement of interfacial shear stress
		6. Results of the high impact tests on aramid/PP composite material
		7. Conclusions
		8. Acknowledgement
		9. References
	11. Microinjection Molding of Enhanced Thermoplastics
		1. Introduction
		2. Microinjection molding
			2.1 Adaptation of the molding tools and equipment for the micromolding of thermoplastics
				2.1.1 Injection molding machines
				2.1.2 Mould insert fabrication
				2.1.3 Rapid heating/cooling process
				2.1.4 Mould evacuation
				2.1.5 Demolding
			2.2 Process monitoring and control
			2.3 Effect of the process/tool/polymer interaction on the quality of micromolded components
		3. Enhanced thermoplastics
			3.1 Definition
			3.2 The effect of incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into thermoplastic materials
			3.3 The rheology properties and molding tools
		4. High performance molding tools
			4.1 Surface engineering in molding tools
			4.2 Diamond coatings
			4.3 Performance of diamond coatings on steel substrates
			4.4 Performance of diamond coatings on steel substrates
		5. Conclusion
		6. References
	12. Investigation of the Physical Characteristics of Polypropylene Meltblown Nonwovens Under Varying Production Parameters
		1. Introduction
		2. Material and method
		3. Results and discussions
			3.1 Thickness
			3.2 Basis weight
			3.3 Air permeability
			3.4 Fibre diameter
			3.5 Tensile properties
		4. Conclusion
		5. References
	13. Thermoplastic Extrusion in Food Processing
		1. Introduction
		2. Equipments
			2.1 Pre-conditioning
			2.2 Feeding system
			2.3 Screw
			2.4 Barrel or sleeves
			2.5 Die
			2.6 Cutting mechanism
			2.7 Types of extruders
				2.7.1 Single-screw extruders
				2.7.2 Twin-screw extruders
		3. Raw materials and changes in major components
			3.1 Raw materials
			3.3 Proteins
			3.4 Lipids
			3.5 Fibres
			3.6 Moisture and temperature
		4. Influence on product quality
		5. Influence on nutritional quality
		6. Influence on microbiological quality
		7. Products
			7.1 Second and third generation snacks
			7.2 Breakfast cereals
			7.3 Meat analogues
		8. Future trends
		9. References
	14. Lightweight Plastic Materials
		1. Introduction
		2. Biocomposites
		3. Polymer foaming
			3.1 Methods of foaming
			3.2 Foaming agents
			3.3 Technology of polymer foaming
		4. Foaming devices
		5. Foaming of biocomposites
		6. Acknowledgements
		7. References
	15. The Performance Envelope of Spinal Implants Utilizing Thermoplastic Materials
		1. Introduction
		2. Spinal instrumentation
		3. Thermoplastic spine implants
		4. Conclusion
		5. References
	16. Application of Thermoplastics in Protection of Natural Fibres
		1. Introduction
		2. Natural fibres
			2.1 Properties of oil palm fibres
		3. Thermoplastic coat
			3.1 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
			3.2 Characterization of coated fibres
				3.2.1 FTIR
				3.2.2 Fibre surface topology
				3.2.3 Tensile strength of fibre
				3.2.4 Water absorption of fibres
			3.3 Characterization of coated fibre sheets
				3.3.1 Fibre sheets
				3.3.2 Effects of ABS percentage on OPEFB sheets
				3.3.3 Effect of ABS percentage on tensile strength
				3.3.4 Tensile strength comparison
				3.3.5 Biodegradation of fibres
		4. Conclusion
		6. References
	17. Characterization of Thermoplastic Elastomers by Means of Temperature Scanning Stress Relaxation Measurements
		1. Introduction
		2. Theoretical background
			2.1 Stress relaxation and determination of relaxation spectra
			2.2 Thermal expansion of the sample
			2.3 Rubber elasticity
			2.4 General remarks
		3. Experimental
			3.1 Materials and preparation of the samples
				3.1.1 Thermoplastic elastomers based on Styrene Block Copolymers (SBC)
				3.1.2 Thermoplastic polyolefin blends (TPO) and dynamic vulcanizates (TPV)
			3.2 TSSR instrument and test procedure
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 Thermoplastic elastomers based on Styrene Block Copolymers (SBC)
			4.2 Thermoplastic polyolefin blends (TPO) and dynamic vulcanizates (TPV)
			4.3 Determination of crosslink density by means of rapid TSSR - tests
		5. Conclusion
		6. References
	18. New Thermoplastic Ionic Elastomers Based on MA-g-EPDM with Advanced Characteristics
		1. Introduction
		2. Preparation
		3. Influence of the crosslinking degree on EPDM-g-MA ionic elastomer characteristics
		4. Effect of fillers on the properties of thermoplastic elastomers based on maleated EPDM
		5. Influence of plasticizers on the properties of maleated EPDM ionic elastomers
		6. Influence of polyolefins on the properties of ionic thermoplastic elastomer compositions
		7. Nanocomposites based on maleated ethylene propylene diene monomer and clay
		8. Conclusions
		9. References
	19. Electroactive Thermoplastic Dielectric Elastomers as a New Generation Polymer Actuators
		1. Introduction
		2. Nanostructures of thermoplastic dielectric elastomers
		3. Shape memory property
		4. Electric actuation mechanism of thermoplastic dielectric elastomers
			4.1 Maxwell stress
			4.2 True electrostriction effect
			4.3 Electric actuation of thermoplastic dielectric elastomers
		5. Conclusion
		6. Acknowledgment
		7. References
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