Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, Second Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Encyclopedia of Human Behavior......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
About the Editor-in-Chief......Page 6
About the Editorial Advisory Board......Page 8
Reviewers......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
How to Use the Encyclopedia......Page 28
Preface......Page 30
Contents......Page 32
Academic Achievement......Page 46
Further Reading......Page 0
Further Reading......Page 74
Adrenal Glands......Page 75
Alzheimer's Disease......Page 153
Amnesia......Page 161
Anxiety Disorders......Page 214
Appetite......Page 232
Asperger's Syndrome and Nonverbal Learning Disorder......Page 244
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 263
Attitude Formation......Page 275
Attribution......Page 281
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders......Page 288
Autobiographical Remembering and the Self......Page 296
Behavior Analysis......Page 312
Behavior Measurement in Psychobiological Research......Page 325
Behavioral Genetics......Page 346
Behavioral Medicine......Page 356
Behavioral Pharmacology......Page 364
The Behavior-Genetics of Intelligence......Page 371
Big Five Model and Personality Disorders......Page 375
Bilingualism and Multilingualism......Page 383
Biofeedback Therapy......Page 389
Bipolar Disorder......Page 393
Birth Order, Effect on Personality, and Behavior......Page 398
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review......Page 405
Body Image......Page 410
Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 417
The Brain......Page 422
Brain and Behavior Relationships......Page 431
Brain Chemicals: Global Projections of Ancient Aromatic Neurotransmitters......Page 441
Brainwashing and Totalitarian Influence......Page 451
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 458
Bullying......Page 462
Caffeine......Page 468
Career Development......Page 475
Catecholamines and Behavior......Page 479
Central Auditory Processing Disorders......Page 486
Central Nervous System......Page 499
Child Abuse......Page 505
Childhood Mental Disorders......Page 512
Chunking......Page 521
Classical Conditioning......Page 529
Cognition and Personality......Page 562
Cognitive Behavior Therapy......Page 570
Cognitive Bias......Page 576
Cognitive Disorders......Page 581
Cognitive Dissonance Theory......Page 588
Competition......Page 601
Coping......Page 641
Creative and Imaginative Thinking......Page 647
Cross-Cultural Adaptation......Page 668
Front Cover......Page 785
Encyclopedia of Human Behavior......Page 788
Copyright......Page 789
About the Editor-in-Chief......Page 790
About the Editorial Advisory Board......Page 792
Reviewers......Page 796
Contributors......Page 798
How to Use the Encyclopedia......Page 812
Preface......Page 814
Contents......Page 816
Volume 2......Page 830
Further Reading......Page 841
Electroencephalography......Page 844
Topography......Page 850
Further Reading......Page 852
Embarrassment and Blushing......Page 853
Causes of Embarrassment and Blushing......Page 854
Blushing and the Expression of Embarrassment......Page 855
Mystical Experience......Page 871
Conclusion: Toward an Expanded Scientific Psychology......Page 873
Wayfinding, Becoming Lost, and Signage......Page 879
Environmental Appraisal......Page 884
Glossary......Page 890
Maintaining and Updating Semantic Self-Knowledge......Page 892
Episodic Memory......Page 897
Conclusions......Page 901
Equity Theory......Page 902
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)......Page 908
The Neurophysiological and Physical Origins of ERPs......Page 909
Evidence-Based Practice......Page 915
Defining Psychopathology......Page 923
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology......Page 932
Applications of EDP......Page 934
Genetic Diversification......Page 943
Major Challenges Within Sport Psychology......Page 967
Conclusion......Page 988
Further Reading......Page 994
Glossary......Page 996
Family Systems Theory......Page 1013
Further Reading......Page 1032
Friendship......Page 1034
Relevant Website......Page 1042
Glossary......Page 1057
Gerontechnology Defined......Page 1058
The Technology and Aging Imperative......Page 1059
Glossary......Page 1067
Progress on the Classic Grouping Principles......Page 1068
Progress on Understanding the Deployment of Lightness and Form Similarity: Automatic Versus Constructivist Grouping......Page 1072
Further Reading......Page 1075
Gesture and Speech......Page 1078
Grandparenthood......Page 1090
Glossary......Page 1097
Forms of Intervention: Counseling and Therapy......Page 1100
The Efficacy of Intervention......Page 1101
Group Decision-Making......Page 1109
Further Reading......Page 1111
Introduction......Page 1112
Glossary......Page 1119
Early Research on Handedness......Page 1120
History of Film and Music......Page 1134
Treatment......Page 1143
History of Homeostasis......Page 1154
Further Reading......Page 1162
Feeding Regulation by Estradiol......Page 1183
Relevant Websites......Page 1206
Further Reading......Page 1220
Id, Ego, and Superego......Page 1222
Other Priming Phenomena and Their Mechanisms......Page 1236
Conclusion......Page 1237
Defining Individualism and Collectivism......Page 1255
Characteristics of Inner Speech......Page 1268
Further Reading......Page 1285
Glossary......Page 1294
Attributions for Others' Behaviors......Page 1295
Meanings of Jealousy and Methods for Its Study......Page 1309
Introduction......Page 1346
Leadership Antecedents and Consequences......Page 1347
New Wave Leadership Views......Page 1351
The Initial Learned Helplessness Theory......Page 1355
The Neurobiology of Learned Helplessness......Page 1356
The Potential of Leisure......Page 1365
Further Reading......Page 1385
Impact of Marital Distress......Page 1387
Treatment of Marital Dysfunction......Page 1390
Short-Term Mate Preferences......Page 1395
Ovulatory Effects......Page 1396
Media Influence on Behavior......Page 1400
Effects of Violence in Media......Page 1401
Acknowledgment......Page 1429
Mental Imagery......Page 1430
Attempts to Bridge the GAP......Page 1446
Further Reading......Page 1472
Relevant Websites......Page 1478
Further Reading......Page 1496
Physiological Models of NDEs......Page 1500
Further Reading......Page 1535
Neuroimaging to Diagnose Dementia Caused by Nondegenerative Disorders......Page 1536
Use of Neuroimaging for Dementia Research and in the Evaluation of New Therapies......Page 1543
Further Reading......Page 1546
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography......Page 1547
Conclusions......Page 1559
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication......Page 1560
Comorbidity......Page 1569
Models of Development and Maintenance of OCD Symptoms......Page 1571
Conditioned Reinforcement......Page 1581
Further Reading......Page 1585
Glossary......Page 1594
Front Cover......Page 1599
Encyclopedia of Human Behavior......Page 1600
Copyright......Page 1603
About the Editor-in-Chief......Page 1604
About the Editorial Advisory Board......Page 1606
Reviewers......Page 1610
Contributors......Page 1612
How to Use the Encyclopedia......Page 1626
Preface......Page 1628
Contents......Page 1630
Volume 3......Page 1644
Further Reading......Page 1656
Parenting and Emotions......Page 1665
Parental Control......Page 1667
The Influence of the Child on Parenting......Page 1669
Atypical Parent-Offspring Conflict......Page 1674
Conclusion......Page 1676
Groups......Page 1678
Perspectives and Approaches to Studying Perceived Control......Page 1686
The Role of Outsiders in Relationship Activity......Page 1702
The History of Personality Assessment......Page 1706
Further Reading......Page 1709
Defining Different Types of Stability and Change......Page 1712
Schizoid Personality Disorder......Page 1726
Further Reading......Page 1738
Attitude Strength......Page 1742
Glossary......Page 1746
Glossary......Page 1752
Relevant Websites......Page 1761
Construal Level and Procrastination......Page 1765
Further Reading......Page 1767
Relevant Websites......Page 1768
Introduction......Page 1769
Further Reading......Page 1773
History and Content of Sexually Explicit Media......Page 1776
What is Positive Psychology?......Page 1783
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 1791
Prevalence......Page 1793
Further Reading......Page 1801
Glossary......Page 1803
Symptoms, Epidemiology, and Classification......Page 1810
Further Reading......Page 1815
What Kinds of Knowledge are Required for Problem Solving?......Page 1826
Glossary......Page 1830
Object Relations Theory......Page 1831
Postmodernist Views......Page 1833
Interventions......Page 1842
Perceptual Processes in Reading......Page 1853
The Role of Phonology in Reading......Page 1854
Developmental Aspects of Reading......Page 1855
Conclusion......Page 1866
Further Reading......Page 1876
Glossary......Page 1877
Recipients of Psychotherapy......Page 1883
Further Reading......Page 1890
Reading and Writing Exploit Distinctive Properties of Spoken Language......Page 1892
History of Retirement......Page 1908
Concluding Remarks......Page 1917
Age Differences in Risk-Taking......Page 1921
Further Reading......Page 1922
Glossary......Page 1924
How Common are Savant Skills?......Page 1925
How is the Savant Brain Different?......Page 1926
Where Do Savant Skills Come From?......Page 1927
Onset, Course, and Prognosis......Page 1939
Diagnosis......Page 1945
Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas......Page 1950
Procrastination......Page 1953
Glossary......Page 1957
Mechanisms of Self-Efficacy......Page 1959
Future Directions......Page 1962
Perspectives on Self-Esteem......Page 1964
Self-Esteem and Responses to Failure......Page 1965
Self-Esteem-Related Motives: Self-Enhancement, Self-Verification, and Self-Protection......Page 1966
Some Early Experiments......Page 1972
Leading Theories of Self-Regulation......Page 1980
Further Reading......Page 1985
Knowledge and Generic Memory Encompass Semantic and Nonsemantic Memory......Page 1995
Standard Theory of the Semantic Memory System......Page 1996
Theoretical and Historical Background for SS......Page 2002
Social Influences on the Expression of SS......Page 2007
The Olfactory Receptors......Page 2009
The Olfactory Bulbs......Page 2010
Glossary......Page 2022
Incremental Processing......Page 2031
Incomplete Processing......Page 2036
Further Reading......Page 2038
Separation Anxiety and School Refusal......Page 2041
Relevant Websites......Page 2045
Sexual Selection......Page 2046
Sexual Selection and Human Sex Differences......Page 2048
Glossary......Page 2061
Fetishes and Atypical Sexual Behavior......Page 2065
Glossary......Page 2068
The Acquisition of Sign Languages......Page 2074
Sleep, Biological Rhythms, and Performance......Page 2078
Sleep Deprivation and Performance......Page 2081
History of Sleep Medicine......Page 2086
Introduction......Page 2099
Directions and Motives......Page 2107
Factors that Influence Comparisons......Page 2108
Glossary......Page 2113
Early Experience and Attachment Security......Page 2118
Correlates and Sequelae of Early Attachment......Page 2119
Further Reading......Page 2121
Glossary......Page 2129
Relation of Social Support to Physical and Mental Health......Page 2136
Glossary......Page 2140
Decomposed Games......Page 2141
Introduction......Page 2155
Historical Overview......Page 2156
Further Reading......Page 2161
Perception and Action: Spatial Orientation as Something that People Perceive or Figure Out and Know......Page 2163
How Do We Perceive Spatial Information?......Page 2168
Further Reading......Page 2173
BP and Hypertension......Page 2175
Predictors/Determinants of Cardiovascular Reactivity......Page 2176
Further Reading......Page 2178
Vulnerability to Stress-Induced Illness......Page 2181
Further Reading......Page 2182
Attention......Page 2183
Theory......Page 2187
Applications......Page 2189
Further Reading......Page 2192
Definition......Page 2194
A Short History of Research on Surprise......Page 2208
Is Surprise an Emotion?......Page 2212
The Lexicon......Page 2223
Case Theory......Page 2226
Variation in Reactions to the Unfamiliar......Page 2233
High- and Low-Reactive Infants......Page 2234
Summary......Page 2236
History and Trends in Terrorism......Page 2240
Conclusion......Page 2245
Further Reading......Page 2246
Introduction......Page 2247
Cognitive Processes and Strategies......Page 2249
Glossary......Page 2254
Positive Emotion and Tickle......Page 2255
Final Remarks......Page 2258
Further Reading......Page 2262
Concepts and Definitions......Page 2264
Glossary......Page 2280
3D Formotion Model......Page 2286
Glossary......Page 2295
Neuropsychological Insights and Cognitive Mechanisms Implicated......Page 2299
Glossary......Page 2308
Active Vision......Page 2313
Concluding Comments......Page 2314
Vocational Choice as a Matching Process......Page 2316
How is Warfare Collectively Represented in the Psyche or Mentality of Peoples?......Page 2329
Conclusion......Page 2331
Factors Influencing Word Retrieval......Page 2334
Further Reading......Page 2339
Index......Page 2346