Biology of Hevea rubber

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
1 Introduction......Page 9
2.1 The Amazon River Basin......Page 15
2.2 History of Domestication......Page 18
3.1 Reproductive Biology and Botany......Page 25
3.1.1 Flowering......Page 26
3.1.2 Fruit set......Page 29
3.1.3 Post-fertilization events......Page 31
3.1.4 Seed......Page 32
3.1.6 Wintering......Page 33
3.1.7 Root system......Page 34
3.1.9 Growth studies......Page 35
3.1.10 Root heterogeneity and stock–scion interactions......Page 37
3.2 Propagation......Page 38
3.2.2 Vegetative methods......Page 39
3.3 Ecophysiology......Page 48
3.3.1 Photosynthetic efficiency......Page 49
3.3.2 Dry matter production and water use efficiency (WUE)......Page 50
4.1 Latex......Page 54
4.1.1 Rubber particles......Page 55
4.1.2 Organic non-rubber constituents......Page 57
4.1.3 Nucleic acids and polysomes......Page 59
4.2 Latex Metabolism......Page 60
4.2.1 Factors regulating metabolism of latex......Page 62
4.3 Latex Vessels and Turgor Pressure......Page 63
4.4 Anatomy and Latex Flow......Page 66
4.5 Lutoids and Coagulation of Latex......Page 69
4.5.1 Lutoid breakdown mechanisms......Page 70
4.6 Harvest......Page 71
4.6.1 Tapping notations......Page 72
4.6.2 Tapping techniques......Page 75
4.6.4 Yield stimulation......Page 77
4.7 Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD)......Page 79
5.1.1 Hevea as a species complex......Page 82
5.1.2 Distribution of allied species......Page 83
5.1.3 New genetic resources......Page 86
5.2 Early History of Rubber Breeding......Page 88
5.4 Recombination Breeding......Page 89
5.5 Breeding Pattern......Page 96
5.6 Selection......Page 98
5.7 Hevea Clones......Page 106
6.1 In Vitro Culture......Page 109
6.1.1 Anther culture......Page 110
6.1.2 Somatic embryogenesis and meristem culture......Page 111
6.1.3 Protoplast culture and embryo rescue......Page 115
6.1.4 Direct gene transfer......Page 116
6.2 Molecular Breeding......Page 118
6.2.1 Non-expressed molecular genetic markers (MGMs)......Page 119
6.2.2 Molecular genetic diversity......Page 121
6.2.4 Genetic mapping......Page 125
6.2.5 Expressed genes in Hevea......Page 129
7 Soil Tillage, Crop Establishment and Nutrition......Page 134
7.1 Chemical Properties......Page 136
7.2 Planting Density......Page 137
7.3 Resource Capture in Intercropping Systems......Page 139
8.1 Non-traditional Environments and Geoclimatic Stresses......Page 142
8.2 Hevea Grown Under Marginal Conditions......Page 143
8.2.1 Abiotic stress factors......Page 148
8.2.2 Rubber-growing regions of India, Thailand and Vietnam......Page 150
8.2.4 Conditions in West Africa......Page 152
8.3 Phenology Under Different Geoclimates......Page 155
8.4 GE Interactions and Specific Adaptation......Page 157
8.5.1 South American leaf blight (SALB)......Page 161
8.5.2 Abnormal leaf fall......Page 166
8.5.3 Powdery mildew......Page 167
8.5.4 Corynespora leaf disease......Page 168
8.5.6 Gloeosporium leaf disease......Page 170
9.1 Hevea Honey......Page 172
9.2 Hevea Wood......Page 173
9.2.1 Processing......Page 175
9.2.2 Production and consumption......Page 176
10 Hevea and Clean Development Management......Page 177
D......Page 180
I......Page 181
P......Page 182
S......Page 183
Z......Page 184
References......Page 185
B......Page 229
G......Page 230
L......Page 231
P......Page 232
T......Page 233
Y......Page 234