Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease

Front Cover
......Page 1
Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease......Page 4
Copyright Page
......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 8
Dedication......Page 6
Contributors......Page 16
Foreword......Page 20
Preface......Page 28
I. Introduction......Page 30
II. Putting the Proper Spin on Radicals......Page 31
III. Radical Lifetimes......Page 33
IV. Radical Chain Reactions and Lipid Autoxidation......Page 35
V. Autoxidation and Kinetic Chain Length......Page 39
VI. The Effects of Antioxidants......Page 40
VII. Sources of Radicals in Living Systems......Page 42
VIII. Cooxidations and Related Troublemakers......Page 44
IX. Generation of Radicals in the Lipid or Water Phase......Page 45
X. Autoxidation of PUFAs in LDL......Page 46
XI. Epilogue......Page 48
I. Introduction......Page 54
II. Definitions......Page 56
III. Chemistry and Reactivity of Free Radicals in Biological Systems......Page 59
IV. Cellular Sources of Free Radicals......Page 62
V. Radical Reactivity in Biological Systems......Page 67
VI. Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Disease......Page 69
VII. Conclusions......Page 83
I. Introduction......Page 92
II. Age-Related Oxidative Damage to Cellular Macromolecules......Page 94
III. Age-Related Changes in Mitochondria......Page 101
IV. Effects of Calorie Restriction on Mitochondrial Function and Reactive Oxygen Species Production......Page 113
V. Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Neuroendocrine, Immune, and Glycation Theories of Aging......Page 117
VI. Summary......Page 124
I. Introduction......Page 136
II. Water-Soluble Antioxidants......Page 139
III. Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants......Page 142
IV. Concluding Remarks......Page 150
II. Animal Data......Page 158
III. Cell Culture Studies of Possible Mechanisms of Ascorbate Action......Page 171
IV. Conclusions......Page 178
I. Introduction......Page 186
II. Analytic Studies by Cancer Site......Page 188
III. Chemoprevention Trials......Page 213
IV. Summary......Page 217
II. Vitamin E......Page 228
III. Experimental Models......Page 231
IV. Epidemiologic Studies......Page 235
VI. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 256
I. Introduction......Page 268
II. How Do Carotenoids Interact with Cells?......Page 269
III. How Do Carotenoids Prevent Cancer in Animals?......Page 275
IV. Can Dietary β–Carotene Materially Reduce Human Cancer Rates?......Page 281
V. Mechanisms of Carotenoid Anticarcinogenesis......Page 283
VI. Summary......Page 284
I. Introduction......Page 292
II. Ecologic Studies......Page 293
III. Analytical Epidemiologic Studies......Page 294
I. Introduction......Page 316
IV. Conclusions and Outlook......Page 309
II. Initial Events in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis......Page 317
III. Mechanisms Leading to Progression: The Transitional Lesion......Page 323
IV. The Mature or Complex Lesion......Page 325
VI. Risk Factors and Atherogenesis......Page 327
VII. Conclusions......Page 328
I. Introduction......Page 332
II. Mechanisms of LDL Oxidation......Page 334
III. Antioxidant Protection of LDL......Page 344
IV. Antioxidant Protection of Lipoprotein (a)......Page 355
V. Small-Scale Clinical Trials of LDL Antioxidant Protection......Page 356
VI. Alternative Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action......Page 364
VII. Conclusions......Page 367
I. Introduction......Page 382
II. Antiatherogenic Effects of Antioxidants in Experimental Animals......Page 383
III. Summary and Conclusions......Page 405
I. Introduction......Page 416
II. Descriptive Studies......Page 417
III. Case–Control Studies......Page 420
IV. Prospective Cohort Studies......Page 422
V. Limitations of Observational Epidemiologic Data......Page 430
VI. Randomized Trials......Page 431
VII. Conclusions......Page 434
I. The Disease State of Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion......Page 440
II. Oxidative Stress and the Pathogenesis of Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury......Page 444
III. The Clinical Significance of (Oxidative) Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury......Page 449
IV. Natural Antioxidants as Cardioactive Agents against Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury......Page 450
V. Therapy with (Natural) Antioxidants for Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury?......Page 459
II. Free Radicals and Antioxidants......Page 476
III. Immune Responses......Page 477
IV. Risk Factors for Increased Exposure to Free Radicals, and/or Lowered Antioxidant Status: Effects on Immune Responses
......Page 478
V. Summary and Conclusions......Page 489
I. Introduction and Experimental Limitations......Page 498
II. Ascorbate Accumulation......Page 499
III. Ascorbate and Neutrophil Function......Page 504
IV. Summary......Page 511
I. Introduction......Page 518
II. In Vitro Studies of Viral Pathogenesis......Page 519
III. In Vivo Studies of Viral Pathogenesis......Page 525
IV. Infections with Human and Simian Lentiviruses......Page 530
V. Is There a Case for Antioxidants in the Therapy of Viral Diseases?......Page 532
VI. Conclusions......Page 535
I. Normal Lens and Age-Related Cataract......Page 544
II. Prevalence of Cataract and Related Disability: Public Health Impact......Page 545
III. Oxidation and Cataract Formation......Page 546
IV. Natural Antioxidants and Prevention of Cataract......Page 548
V. Summary......Page 556
I. Introduction......Page 564
II. Antioxidant Deficiency......Page 565
III. Increased Concentrations of Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 575
IV. Summary and Conclusions......Page 585
II. Physiological Effects of Exercise and Possible Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Free Radical Generation
......Page 596
III. Antioxidant Defenses......Page 598
IV. Summary......Page 603
Index......Page 606