Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion

3540401377......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 9
1.2 The Three Generations......Page 12
1.3 Outline of Options......Page 15
2.2 Black-Body Radiation......Page 18
2.3 Black-Body in a Cavity......Page 21
2.4 Angular Dependence of Emitted Radiation......Page 22
2.5 Direct and Diffuse Efficiencies......Page 26
2.6 Black-Body Emission Properties......Page 27
3.2 Energy and Entropy Conservation......Page 32
3.3 Carnot Efficiency......Page 33
3.4 Landsberg Limit......Page 35
3.5 Black-Body Limit......Page 36
3.6 Multi-Colour Limit......Page 38
3.7 Non-Reciprocal Systems......Page 40
3.8 Ultimate System......Page 41
3.9 Omnidirectional Global Converters......Page 42
3.10 Summary......Page 43
4.1 Efficiency Losses......Page 46
4.2 Shockley-Queisser Formulation......Page 49
4.3 Hot Photons (Chemical Potential of Light)......Page 51
4.4 Einstein Coefficients......Page 54
4.5 Photon Boltzmann Equation......Page 56
4.6 General Cell Analysis......Page 60
4.7 Lasing Conditions......Page 61
4.8 Photon Spatial Distributions......Page 62
4.9 Effect of Sample Thickness......Page 65
4.10 Thermodynamics of Single Junction Cell......Page 66
5.1 Spectrum Splitting and Stacking......Page 70
5.2 Split-Spectrum Cells......Page 71
5.3 Stacked Cells......Page 72
5.4 Two Terminal Operation......Page 74
5.5 Infinite Number of Cells......Page 75
5.6 Approximate Solution......Page 76
5.7 Thermodynamics of the Infinite Stack......Page 77
6.2 Relevant Time Constants......Page 79
6.3 Ross and Nozik’s Analysis......Page 82
6.5 Würfel’s Analysis......Page 87
6.6 Possible Low Dimensional Implementation......Page 89
7.1 Introduction......Page 91
7.2 Multiple-Carrier Photon Emission......Page 92
7.3 Limiting Performance......Page 93
7.4 Comparison with Würfel’s Analysis......Page 95
7.6 Generalised Analysis......Page 96
7.7 Raman Luminescence......Page 98
8.1 Introduction......Page 104
8.2 3-Band Cell......Page 106
8.3.1 Finite Bandwidths......Page 107
8.3.3 Spatial Absorption Partitioning......Page 109
8.4 Absorption Leakage Loss......Page 111
8.5 Other Possible Multigap Schemes......Page 113
8.6 Impurity Photovoltaic Effect......Page 115
8.7 Up-and Down-Conversion......Page 116
9.1 Introduction......Page 119
9.2 Solar Thermal Conversion......Page 121
9.3.1 Black-Body Source......Page 122
9.3.2 With Narrow Passband Filter......Page 124
9.3.3 Solar Conversion: Cell/Receiver......Page 125
9.4.1 Case with Filters......Page 126
9.4.2 Without Filter......Page 130
10 Conclusions......Page 132
Appendix A: Greek Alphabet......Page 134
Appendix B: Physical Constants......Page 135
Appendix C: Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Integrals......Page 136
Appendix D: List of Symbols......Page 142
Appendix E: Quasi-Fermi Levels......Page 144
Appendix F: Solutions to Selected Problems......Page 151
L......Page 162
W......Page 163