Engineering circuit analysis

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 15
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 27
1.1 Overview of Text......Page 28
1.2 Relationship of Circuit Analysis to Engineering......Page 30
1.3 Analysis and Design......Page 31
1.4 Computer-Aided Analysis......Page 32
1.5 Successful Problem-Solving Strategies......Page 33
READING FURTHER......Page 34
2.1 Units and Scales......Page 35
2.2 Charge, Current, Voltage, and Power......Page 37
Current......Page 38
Voltage......Page 40
Power......Page 41
2.3 Voltage and Current Sources......Page 43
Independent Voltage Sources......Page 44
Dependent Sources......Page 45
Networks and Circuits......Page 47
2.4 Ohm’s Law......Page 48
Power Absorption......Page 49
Conductance......Page 53
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 54
EXERCISES......Page 55
3.1 Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches......Page 65
3.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law......Page 66
3.3 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law......Page 68
3.4 The Single-Loop Circuit......Page 72
3.5 The Single-Node-Pair Circuit......Page 75
3.6 Series and Parallel Connected Sources......Page 77
3.7 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 81
3.8 Voltage and Current Division......Page 87
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 92
EXERCISES......Page 93
CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS......Page 105
4.1 Nodal Analysis......Page 106
4.2 The Supernode......Page 115
4.3 Mesh Analysis......Page 118
4.4 The Supermesh......Page 124
4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison......Page 127
4.6 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis......Page 129
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 133
EXERCISES......Page 135
Linear Elements and Linear Circuits......Page 149
The Superposition Principle......Page 150
Practical Voltage Sources......Page 159
Equivalent Practical Sources......Page 161
Several Key Points......Page 165
5.3 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits......Page 167
Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 169
A Few Key Points......Page 170
Norton’s Theorem......Page 171
When Dependent Sources Are Present......Page 173
A Quick Recap of Procedures......Page 175
5.4 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 178
5.5 Delta-Wye Conversion......Page 180
5.6 Selecting an Approach: A Summary of Various Techniques......Page 183
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 184
EXERCISES......Page 185
6.1 Background......Page 201
6.2 The Ideal Op Amp: A Cordial Introduction......Page 202
6.3 Cascaded Stages......Page 210
A Reliable Voltage Source......Page 214
A Reliable Current Source......Page 216
A More Detailed Op Amp Model......Page 218
Derivation of the Ideal Op Amp Rules......Page 220
Common-Mode Rejection......Page 221
Negative Feedback......Page 222
Saturation......Page 223
Input Offset Voltage......Page 224
Slew Rate......Page 225
Packaging......Page 226
The Comparator......Page 229
The Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 230
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 232
READING FURTHER......Page 233
EXERCISES......Page 234
Ideal Capacitor Model......Page 243
Integral Voltage-Current Relationships......Page 246
Energy Storage......Page 248
Ideal Inductor Model......Page 251
Integral Voltage-Current Relationships......Page 255
Energy Storage......Page 257
Inductors in Series......Page 261
Capacitors in Series......Page 262
Capacitors in Parallel......Page 263
7.4 Consequences of Linearity......Page 264
7.5 Simple Op Amp Circuits with Capacitors......Page 266
7.6 Duality......Page 268
7.7 Modeling Capacitors and Inductors with PSpice......Page 271
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 273
EXERCISES......Page 275
8.1 The Source-Free RL Circuit......Page 287
A Direct Approach......Page 288
A More General Solution Approach......Page 290
A Direct Route: The Characteristic Equation......Page 291
Accounting for the Energy......Page 293
8.2 Properties of the Exponential Response......Page 294
8.3 The Source-Free RC Circuit......Page 298
General RL Circuits......Page 301
Slicing Thinly: The Distinction Between 0[Sup(+)] and 0[Sup(-)]......Page 302
General RC Circuits......Page 305
8.5 The Unit-Step Function......Page 308
Physical Sources and the Unit-Step Function......Page 310
The Rectangular Pulse Function......Page 311
8.6 Driven RL Circuits......Page 312
A More Direct Procedure......Page 313
8.7 Natural and Forced Response......Page 315
The Natural Response......Page 316
Determination of the Complete Response......Page 317
8.8 Driven RC Circuits......Page 321
8.9 Predicting the Response of Sequentially Switched Circuits......Page 326
Case I: Time Enough to Fully Charge and Fully Discharge......Page 328
Case III: No Time to Fully Charge But Time to Fully Discharge......Page 329
Case IV: No Time to Fully Charge or Even Fully Discharge......Page 330
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 332
READING FURTHER......Page 334
EXERCISES......Page 335
9.1 The Source-Free Parallel Circuit......Page 347
Solution of the Differential Equation......Page 348
Definition of Frequency Terms......Page 350
Finding Values for A[Sub(1)] and A[Sub(2)]......Page 352
Graphical Representation of the Overdamped Response......Page 357
Form of a Critically Damped Response......Page 360
Finding Values for  A[Sub(1)] and A[Sub(2)]......Page 361
Graphical Representation of the Critically Damped Response......Page 362
The Form of the Underdamped Response......Page 364
Finding Values for BB[Sub(1)] and B[Sub(2)]......Page 365
The Role of Finite Resistance......Page 366
9.5 The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit......Page 371
A Brief Résumé of the Series Circuit Response......Page 372
The Easy Part......Page 377
The Other Part......Page 378
A Quick Summary of the Solution Process......Page 383
9.7 The Lossless LC Circuit......Page 385
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 387
EXERCISES......Page 389
10.1 Characteristics of Sinusoids......Page 397
Lagging and Leading......Page 398
Converting Sines to Cosines......Page 399
The Steady-State Response......Page 400
A More Compact and User-Friendly Form......Page 401
10.3 The Complex Forcing Function......Page 404
Applying a Complex Forcing Function......Page 405
An Algebraic Alternative to Differential Equations......Page 406
10.4 The Phasor......Page 409
The Resistor......Page 411
The Inductor......Page 412
Kirchhoff’s Laws Using Phasors......Page 413
Parallel Impedance Combinations......Page 415
Reactance......Page 416
10.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis......Page 420
10.7 Superposition, Source Transformations and Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 423
10.8 Phasor Diagrams......Page 432
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 435
EXERCISES......Page 436
CHAPTER 11 AC CIRCUIT POWER ANALYSIS......Page 447
11.1 Instantaneous Power......Page 448
Power Due to Sinusoidal Excitation......Page 449
11.2 Average Power......Page 450
Average Power for Periodic Waveforms......Page 451
Average Power in the Sinusoidal Steady State......Page 452
Average Power Absorbed by Purely Reactive Elements......Page 454
Maximum Power Transfer......Page 456
Average Power for Nonperiodic Functions......Page 457
Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform......Page 459
Effective (RMS) Value of a Sinusoidal Waveform......Page 460
Effective Value with Multiple-Frequency Circuits......Page 461
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor......Page 464
11.5 Complex Power......Page 467
The Power Triangle......Page 468
Power Measurement......Page 469
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 473
EXERCISES......Page 475
CHAPTER 12 POLYPHASE CIRCUITS......Page 483
12.1 Polyphase Systems......Page 484
Double-Subscript Notation......Page 485
12.2 Single-Phase Three-Wire Systems......Page 486
Effect of Finite Wire Impedance......Page 487
12.3 Three-Phase Y-Y Connection......Page 490
Line-to-Line Voltages......Page 491
12.4 The Delta (Δ) Connection......Page 496
Δ-Connected Sources......Page 499
Use of the Wattmeter......Page 502
The Wattmeter in a Three-Phase System......Page 504
The Two-Wattmeter Method......Page 507
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 510
EXERCISES......Page 512
13.1 Mutual Inductance......Page 519
Coefficient of Mutual Inductance......Page 520
Dot Convention......Page 521
Combined Mutual and Self-Induction Voltage......Page 522
Physical Basis of the Dot Convention......Page 523
13.2 Energy Considerations......Page 527
Equality of M[Sub(12)] and M[Sub(21)]......Page 528
Establishing an Upper Limit for M......Page 529
The Coupling Coefficient......Page 530
Reflected Impedance......Page 531
T and π Equivalent Networks......Page 533
Turns Ratio of an Ideal Transformer......Page 538
Use of Transformers for Impedance Matching......Page 540
Use of Transformers for Voltage Level Adjustment......Page 541
Voltage Relationship in the Time Domain......Page 543
Equivalent Circuits......Page 545
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 548
EXERCISES......Page 549
14.1 Complex Frequency......Page 559
The General Form......Page 560
The Sinusoidal Case......Page 561
The Relationship of s to Reality......Page 562
14.2 The Damped Sinusoidal Forcing Function......Page 563
14.3 Definition of the Laplace Transform......Page 566
The Two-Sided Laplace Transform......Page 567
The One-Sided Laplace Transform......Page 568
14.4 Laplace Transforms of Simple Time Functions......Page 569
The Unit-Impulse Function δ(t – t[Sub(0)])......Page 570
The Ramp Function tu(t)......Page 571
The Linearity Theorem......Page 572
Inverse Transform Techniques for Rational Functions......Page 573
Distinct Poles and the Method of Residues......Page 574
Repeated Poles......Page 576
Time Differentiation Theorem......Page 579
Time-Integration Theorem......Page 581
The Time-Shift Theorem......Page 584
The Initial-Value Theorem......Page 587
The Final-Value Theorem......Page 588
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 590
EXERCISES......Page 591
Resistors in the Frequency Domain......Page 597
Modeling Inductors in the s-Domain......Page 598
Modeling Capacitors in the s-Domain......Page 601
15.2 Nodal and Mesh Analysis in the s-Domain......Page 604
15.3 Additional Circuit Analysis Techniques......Page 611
15.4 Poles, Zeros, and Transfer Functions......Page 614
The Impulse Response......Page 615
Convolution and Realizable Systems......Page 617
Graphical Method of Convolution......Page 618
Convolution and the Laplace Transform......Page 621
Further Comments on Transfer Functions......Page 623
15.6 The Complex-Frequency Plane......Page 624
Pole-Zero Constellations......Page 626
15.7 Natural Response and the s Plane......Page 628
A More General Perspective......Page 630
A Special Case......Page 631
15.8 A Technique for Synthesizing the Voltage Ratio H(s) = V[Sub(out)]/V[Sub(in)]......Page 632
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 636
EXERCISES......Page 638
16.1 Parallel Resonance......Page 645
Resonance......Page 646
Resonance and the Voltage Response......Page 648
Quality Factor......Page 649
Damping Factor......Page 651
16.2 Bandwidth and High-Q Circuits......Page 653
Bandwidth......Page 654
Approximations for High-Q Circuits......Page 655
16.3 Series Resonance......Page 659
16.4 Other Resonant Forms......Page 663
Equivalent Series and Parallel Combinations......Page 665
16.5 Scaling......Page 670
16.6 Bode Diagrams......Page 674
The Decibel (dB) Scale......Page 675
Determination of Asymptotes......Page 676
Multiple Terms......Page 677
Phase Response......Page 678
Additional Considerations in Creating Bode Plots......Page 679
Higher-Order Terms......Page 683
Complex Conjugate Pairs......Page 684
16.7 Basic Filter Design......Page 690
Passive Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters......Page 691
Bandpass Filters......Page 693
Active Filters......Page 695
16.8 Advanced Filter Design......Page 698
The Sallen-Key Amplifier......Page 699
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 703
EXERCISES......Page 705
17.1 One-Port Networks......Page 713
17.2 Admittance Parameters......Page 718
17.3 Some Equivalent Networks......Page 725
17.4 Impedance Parameters......Page 734
17.5 Hybrid Parameters......Page 739
17.6 Transmission Parameters......Page 742
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 746
READING FURTHER......Page 747
EXERCISES......Page 748
18.1 Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series......Page 759
Harmonics......Page 760
The Fourier Series......Page 761
Some Useful Trigonometric Integrals......Page 762
Evaluation of the Fourier Coefficients......Page 763
Line and Phase Spectra......Page 767
Symmetry and Fourier Series Terms......Page 769
Half-Wave Symmetry......Page 771
18.3 Complete Response to Periodic Forcing Functions......Page 774
18.4 Complex Form of the Fourier Series......Page 776
The Sampling Function......Page 780
18.5 Definition of the Fourier Transform......Page 783
18.6 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform......Page 787
Physical Significance of the Fourier Transform......Page 788
The Unit-Impulse Function......Page 790
The Signum Function......Page 792
The Unit-Step Function......Page 793
18.8 The Fourier Transform of a General Periodic Time Function......Page 795
18.9 The System Function and Response in the Frequency Domain......Page 796
18.10 The Physical Significance of the System Function......Page 803
Epilogue......Page 806
SUMMARY AND REVIEW......Page 808
EXERCISES......Page 809
APPENDIX 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK TOPOLOGY......Page 817
APPENDIX 2 SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS......Page 829
APPENDIX 3 A PROOF OF THÉVENIN’S THEOREM......Page 837
APPENDIX 4 A PSPICE® TUTORIAL......Page 839
APPENDIX 5 COMPLEX NUMBERS......Page 843
APPENDIX 6 A BRIEF MATLAB® TUTORIAL......Page 853
APPENDIX 7 ADDITIONAL LAPLACE TRANSFORM THEOREMS......Page 859
INDEX......Page 865