Horticulture : principles and practices

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 22
PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE......Page 26
  OVERVIEW......Page 28
  1.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE......Page 29
  1.3 DIVISIONS OF HORTICULTURE......Page 41
  1.4 ROLE OF THE NURSERY AND SEED INDUSTRIES IN HORTICULTURE......Page 42
  1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY......Page 44
  1.7 HORTICULTURE ON THE INTERNET......Page 49
  References and Suggested Reading......Page 51
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 52
  OVERVIEW......Page 54
  2.2 TAXONOMIC GROUPS......Page 55
  2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (OPERATIONAL)......Page 68
  2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS......Page 77
  2.6 SOME FAMILIES OF HORTICULTURAL IMPORTANCE......Page 81
  Practical Experience......Page 85
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 86
  OVERVIEW......Page 87
  3.1 CELL......Page 88
  3.2 TYPES OF PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES......Page 93
  3.3 STEM......Page 96
  3.4 LEAF......Page 100
  3.5 ROOTS......Page 107
  3.6 STRUCTURE OFWOOD......Page 110
  3.7 BARK......Page 112
  3.8 FLOWERS......Page 113
  3.9 SEED......Page 115
  Summary......Page 116
  References and Suggested Reading......Page 117
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 118
  OVERVIEW......Page 119
  4.2 ABOVEGROUND ENVIRONMENT......Page 120
  4.3 BELOWGROUND (SOIL) ENVIRONMENT......Page 133
  4.4 FERTILIZERS......Page 142
  4.5 SOIL ORGANISMS......Page 152
  4.7 SOIL TEMPERATURE......Page 153
  4.8 SOILWATER......Page 154
  4.9 FIELD GROWING MEDIA......Page 165
  4.10 POTTING MEDIA......Page 167
  4.11 SOIL STERILIZATION......Page 173
  4.12 LIQUID MEDIA......Page 174
  References and Suggested Reading......Page 175
  Practical Experience......Page 176
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 177
  OVERVIEW......Page 178
  5.1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 179
  5.2 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PLANT CELLS......Page 182
  5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES......Page 185
  5.4 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF GROWTH......Page 195
  5.5 PHASES IN THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE......Page 197
  5.6 PLANT HORMONES......Page 203
  5.7 NONPATHOGENIC (PHYSIOLOGICAL) PLANT DISORDERS......Page 205
  Summary......Page 207
  Practical Experience......Page 208
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 209
  OVERVIEW......Page 210
  6.2 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF PLANT BREEDING......Page 211
  6.3 THE CONCEPT OF GENETIC MANIPULATION......Page 212
  6.5 BRIEF REVIEW OF MENDELIAN GENETICS......Page 221
  6.6 COMPLEX INHERITANCE......Page 222
  6.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS......Page 223
  6.9 THE PLANT BREEDER AS A DECISION MAKER......Page 224
  6.11 SELECTION IN BREEDING......Page 225
  6.13 METHODS OF BREEDING......Page 226
  6.15 CULTIVAR RELEASE AND CERTIFICATION......Page 227
  6.17 BREEDING SEEDLESS FRUITS......Page 228
  6.18 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING......Page 229
  6.20 USE OF MARKERS IN PLANT BREEDING......Page 230
  6.22 THE BIOTECHNOLOGY DEBATE......Page 231
  6.23 TISSUE CULTURE IN PLANT BREEDING......Page 232
  Summary......Page 233
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 234
PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS......Page 236
  OVERVIEW......Page 238
  Module 1: Plants as Pests......Page 239
  Module 2: Animal Pests of Plants......Page 247
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 264
  OVERVIEW......Page 265
  Module 1: Principles of Pest Control......Page 266
  Module 2: Biological, Cultural, Legislative, Physical, and Mechanical Control of Plant Pests......Page 279
  Module 3: Chemical Control of Plant Pests: Insecticides......Page 286
  OVERVIEW......Page 295
  Module 5: Greenhouse Pest Control......Page 300
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 305
PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS......Page 306
  OVERVIEW......Page 308
  9.1 SEED FORMATION......Page 309
  9.2 SEED PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION PROCESS......Page 310
  9.4 SEED QUALITY ANALYSIS......Page 311
  9.6 TAGGING COMMERCIAL SEED......Page 320
  9.9 SEED DORMANCY......Page 321
  9.10 IMPROVING GERMINATION CAPACITY OF SEEDS......Page 322
  9.11 SEED TREATMENT......Page 323
  9.12 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR SEED GERMINATION......Page 324
  9.13 SEED GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE......Page 325
  9.14 METHODS OF SEEDING......Page 327
  9.15 SEED NURSERY ACTIVITIES......Page 329
  9.16 TRANSPLANTING......Page 333
  Summary......Page 335
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 336
  OVERVIEW......Page 337
  10.2 DISADVANTAGES......Page 338
  Module 1: Cuttings......Page 339
  Module 2: Grafting......Page 346
  Summary......Page 353
  Module 3: Building......Page 354
  Summary......Page 355
  Module 4: Layering......Page 356
  Summary......Page 359
  Module 5: Specialized Underground Structures......Page 360
  Summary......Page 364
  Module 6: Micropropagation (Tissue Culture)......Page 365
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 367
PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS......Page 368
  OVERVIEW......Page 370
  11.1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF HOUSEPLANTS......Page 371
  11.2 USING PLANTS IN THE HOME......Page 374
  11.3 CARING FOR HOUSEPLANTS......Page 388
  11.4 SEASONAL CARE OF HOUSEPLANTS......Page 397
  11.6 POTTING PLANTS......Page 399
  11.7 REPOTTING......Page 400
  11.9 DISEASES AND PESTS OF HOUSEPLANTS......Page 404
  11.10 COMMON SYMPTOMS OF ILL HEALTH IN HOUSEPLANTS......Page 405
  11.11 COMMON HOUSEPLANTS AND THEIR CARE......Page 407
  Summary......Page 411
  Practical Experience......Page 412
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 413
  OVERVIEW......Page 414
  12.2 GREENHOUSE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION......Page 415
  12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL......Page 430
  12.4 GREENHOUSE PESTS......Page 460
  Practical Experience......Page 461
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 462
  OVERVIEW......Page 463
  13.2 PRODUCTION REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES......Page 464
  13.4 PRODUCTION COSTS......Page 465
  13.6 THE CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF DIF......Page 466
  13.7 GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS......Page 467
  13.8 SOILLESS CULTURE......Page 468
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 475
  14.1 WHAT ARE SUCCULENTS......Page 476
  14.2 CATEGORIES OF SUCCULENTS......Page 477
  14.3 POPULAR SUCCULENTS (NONCACTI)......Page 478
  14.4 PROPAGATION......Page 482
  14.6 BROMELIADS......Page 483
  14.7 CACTI......Page 486
  14.8 PROPAGATION......Page 491
  14.9 CARING FOR CACTI......Page 492
  14.11 GRAFTED CACTI......Page 493
  Summary......Page 494
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 495
PART 5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNAMENTALS......Page 496
  OVERVIEW......Page 498
  15.1 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING?......Page 499
  15.2 CATEGORIES OF LANDSCAPING......Page 500
  15.3 LANDSCAPE DESIGNING......Page 501
  15.4 FORMAL VERSUS INFORMAL GARDENS......Page 511
  15.5 PLANNING A RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE......Page 513
  15.6 PLANNING A NONRESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE......Page 516
  15.7 PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE......Page 517
  15.8 OTHER FUNCTIONAL USES OF PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE......Page 521
  15.9 XERISCAPING......Page 523
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 524
  16.1 THE ROLE OF THE NURSERY WORKER......Page 525
  16.2 LOCATION OF THE NURSERY......Page 526
  16.3 CONTAINER NURSERY PRODUCTION......Page 528
  16.4 FIELD NURSERY......Page 531
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 533
  OVERVIEW......Page 534
  17.1 LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION......Page 535
  17.3 DESIGNING A FLOWER GARDEN......Page 538
  17.4 COMMON PERENNIAL BEDDING PLANTS......Page 542
  17.5 CHOOSING A GROUND COVER......Page 544
  17.6 ORNAMENTAL GRASSES......Page 547
  17.10 CHOOSING TREES......Page 549
  17.11 PURCHASING TREES FOR PLANTING......Page 552
  17.13 FACTORS FOR TRANSPLANTING SUCCESS......Page 553
  17.14 PLANTING TREES......Page 554
  17.15 POSTPLANTING IMMEDIATE CARE......Page 555
  17.16 SELECTED TREES FOR THE LANDSCAPE......Page 557
  17.17 USING TREES IN THE LANDSCAPE......Page 558
  17.18 INSTALLATION OF SHRUBS......Page 559
  17.20 SHRUBS, BUSHES, AND VINES WITH ATTRACTIVE FALL COLORS......Page 560
  17.21 BULBS, CORMS, TUBERS, AND RHIZOMES......Page 562
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 566
  OVERVIEW......Page 567
  18.1 PURPOSE OF LAWNS......Page 568
  18.2 ESTABLISHING A LAWN......Page 569
  18.3 PLANTING TURFGRASS......Page 574
  18.4 PLANTING GRASS BY VEGETATIVE METHODS......Page 577
  18.5 TURF MANAGEMENT......Page 580
  18.6 COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE LAWN......Page 586
  18.7 TURF FOR ATHLETIC PURPOSES......Page 587
  References and Suggested Reading......Page 589
  Practical Experience......Page 590
  OVERVIEW......Page 591
  19.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING AND TRAINING......Page 592
  19.2 OBJECTIVES OF PRUNING......Page 593
  19.3 PLANT RESPONSE TO PRUNING......Page 594
  19.4 PRUNING TOOLS......Page 595
  19.5 PRUNING TECHNIQUES......Page 597
  19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGROUND PLANT PARTS......Page 602
  19.7 TREE TOPPING......Page 603
  19.8 PRUNING ROOTS......Page 604
  19.10 TRAINING AND PRUNING ORNAMENTAL TREES......Page 605
  19.11 MAINTENANCE OF ESTABLISHED TREES......Page 608
  19.13 SPECIAL TRAINING AND PRUNING TECHNIQUES......Page 609
  19.14 TRAINING AND PRUNING FRUIT TREES......Page 610
  19.16 TRAINING AND PRUNING SMALL FRUIT TREES......Page 625
  19.17 PRUNING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS......Page 626
  19.18 PRUNING HEDGES......Page 628
  19.19 ORNAMENTAL STEMS......Page 630
  19.20 TRAINING AND PRUNING CLIMBING PLANTS......Page 631
  Summary......Page 632
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 633
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEGETABLES, FRUITS, AND NUTS......Page 634
  OVERVIEW......Page 636
  20.3 REGIONALIZED PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES......Page 637
  20.6 GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION......Page 652
  20.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF MULCHES IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION......Page 653
  20.9 HOME GARDEN......Page 654
  20.10 GROWING CUCURBITS......Page 660
  20.11 TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM)......Page 663
  20.12 PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP.)......Page 664
  20.13 POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM)......Page 665
  20.14 SWEET POTATO (IPOMEA BATATAS)......Page 666
  20.16 ONION (ALLIUM CEPA)......Page 667
  20.17 LETTUCE (LETUCA SATIVA)......Page 668
  20.18 BRASSICA......Page 669
  Outcomes Assessement......Page 670
  21.1 USES......Page 671
  21.2 CULTIVATION......Page 672
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 675
  OVERVIEW......Page 676
  22.2 IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING IN MODERN CROP PRODUCTION......Page 677
  22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING......Page 678
  22.5 THE CERTIFICATION PROCESS......Page 679
  22.7 PLANTING MATERIAL......Page 681
  22.9 SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT......Page 682
  22.10 WEED MANAGEMENT......Page 683
  22.11 DISEASE AND INSECT PEST CONTROL......Page 684
  22.14 COMPOSTING......Page 685
  22.16 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING AND MONITORING A COMPOST HEAP......Page 689
  22.17 CONSTRUCTING OUTDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS......Page 690
  22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS......Page 693
  Summary......Page 694
  Practical Experience......Page 695
  23.1 IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT AND NUT TREES......Page 696
  23.3 LOCATING A FRUIT ORCHARD......Page 697
  23.4 PROPAGATION......Page 699
  23.6 SPACING FRUIT TREES......Page 700
  23.9 PEST CONTROL......Page 701
  23.11 HARVESTING......Page 702
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 703
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDLING OF HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS......Page 704
  OVERVIEW......Page 706
  24.1 CUT FLOWER SPECIES......Page 707
  24.2 CULTURE......Page 708
  24.3 FLOWER ARRANGING......Page 711
  24.4 DRIED FLOWERS......Page 723
  Practical Experience......Page 726
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 727
  OVERVIEW......Page 728
  25.2 DESIGNING A TERRARIUM OR BOTTLE GARDEN......Page 729
  25.4 THE PLANTING MEDIUM......Page 731
  25.5 PLANTING......Page 732
  25.6 CARE AND MAINTENANCE......Page 733
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 734
  OVERVIEW......Page 735
  26.1 PRINCIPLES......Page 736
  26.2 CREATING THE BONSAI......Page 738
  26.3 TRAINING BONSAI......Page 739
  26.4 REPOTTING BONSAI......Page 742
  26.5 POSTESTABLISHMENT CARE......Page 743
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 745
  OVERVIEW......Page 746
  27.2 HARVESTING......Page 747
  27.3 HANDLING......Page 750
  27.5 STORING UNPROCESSED PRODUCTS......Page 752
  27.8 PROCESSING OF HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS......Page 755
  27.9 MARKETING ALTERNATIVES......Page 757
  27.10 THE ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES IN MARKETING......Page 759
  27.11 ELEMENTS OF MARKETING......Page 760
  Outcomes Assessment......Page 761
Appendix A: TEMPERATURE: CONVERTING BETWEEN CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES......Page 762
Appendix B: METRIC CONVERSION CHART......Page 764
Appendix C: ENGLISH UNITS CONVERSION CHART......Page 765
Appendix D: COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SELECTED PLANTS......Page 766
Appendix E: SELECTED BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ARBORETA......Page 769
 A......Page 770
 C......Page 771
 D......Page 772
 F......Page 773
 H......Page 774
 L......Page 775
 P......Page 776
 R......Page 777
 S......Page 778
 Z......Page 779
 C......Page 780
 G......Page 781
 M......Page 782
 R......Page 783
 V......Page 784
 Z......Page 785