Macsween's Pathology of the Liver: Expert Consult: Online and Print

MacSween\'s Pathology of the Liver, 6th Edition......Page 2
Cover......Page 1
MacSween’s Pathology of the Liver......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
List of contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
1 Anatomy, pathophysiology and basic mechanisms of disease......Page 15
Vascular arrangements......Page 16
The bile duct system......Page 18
Molecular control of liver development......Page 19
Macroanatomy of the liver......Page 20
Microanatomy of the liver......Page 21
Venous drainage......Page 22
Matsumoto’s primary lobule......Page 23
Functional heterogeneity in the liver......Page 26
Plasma membrane......Page 27
Nucleus......Page 28
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)......Page 29
Golgi complex......Page 30
Peroxisomes......Page 31
Microtubules......Page 32
Sinusoidal endothelial cells......Page 33
Hepatic stellate cells......Page 35
Kupffer cells......Page 36
The biliary system......Page 37
Cholangiocytes......Page 38
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans......Page 40
Lymphatics......Page 42
Hepatic nerves......Page 43
General concepts of liver injury and repair......Page 44
Inflammation......Page 45
Kupffer cells and dendritic cells......Page 46
The adaptive immune system......Page 47
Inflammation of portal tracts......Page 48
Hepatocellular injury......Page 50
Steatosis......Page 51
Cholestasis......Page 52
Mallory–Denk bodies......Page 55
Apoptosis......Page 56
Necrosis......Page 58
Regeneration of mature liver cells......Page 59
Nutritional and hormonal regulation......Page 60
Cessation of the regenerative response......Page 61
The role of progenitor cells......Page 62
Portal tract fibrogenesis......Page 63
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition......Page 64
Bone marrow-derived myofibroblast precursors......Page 65
Metalloproteinases......Page 66
Metalloproteinase inhibitors......Page 67
Sinusoidal blood flow......Page 68
Zonation......Page 70
Cirrhosis......Page 71
Reversibility of fibrosis/cirrhosis......Page 72
The liver in biopsy and autopsy specimens......Page 73
References......Page 75
The evolving role of liver biopsy......Page 93
Percutaneous liver biopsy......Page 94
Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy......Page 95
Limitations of and requirements for liver biopsy interpretation......Page 96
Prognosis indices and blood test algorithms......Page 97
Ultrasonography......Page 98
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)......Page 99
Staining......Page 100
Principles and main applications......Page 102
Molecular techniques......Page 103
Mass spectrometry in situ imaging (MALDI-MS)......Page 104
Advances in the molecular pathology of liver diseases......Page 105
Morphometry......Page 107
References......Page 108
3 Developmental abnormalities and liver disease in childhood......Page 115
Heterotopias of the liver......Page 116
Portal vein......Page 117
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler–Rendu–Weber disease)......Page 118
Anomalous (‘accessory’) bile ducts......Page 119
Spontaneous bile duct perforation......Page 120
Classification and aetiopathogenesis......Page 121
Pathological features at surgical intervention......Page 123
Pathology of intrahepatic changes......Page 124
Neonatal hepatitis......Page 127
Histopathological features......Page 132
Paucity of the intrahepatic bile ducts......Page 133
Choledochal cyst......Page 136
Hereditary fibropolycystic disease of the liver (ductal plate malformation)......Page 137
Primary cilia and cystogenesis......Page 138
Infantile presentation......Page 139
Juvenile and adult presentation – congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF)......Page 140
Caroli disease......Page 141
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)......Page 142
Polycystic liver disease without kidney abnormalities (PCLD)......Page 144
Reye syndrome......Page 145
Langerhans cell histiocytosis......Page 147
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease)......Page 150
Infection-associated (reactive) haemophagocytic syndrome......Page 151
Down syndrome......Page 152
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 171
Porphyria cutanea tarda......Page 172
Erythropoietic protoporphyria......Page 173
Type I glycogen storage diseases......Page 175
Type II glycogen storage disease (acid maltase deficiency, Pompe disease)......Page 176
Fanconi–Bickel syndrome (glycogen storage disease type XI)......Page 177
Gross, light microscopic and ultrastructural features of the glycogenoses......Page 178
Myoclonus epilepsy, Lafora type (Lafora disease)......Page 180
Galactosaemia......Page 181
Disorders of glycoprotein and glycolipid metabolism......Page 182
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII): Sly syndrome......Page 183
Aspartylglucosaminuria......Page 184
Mucolipidosis I (sialidosis)......Page 185
Congenital disorder of glycosylation (carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome)......Page 186
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency......Page 187
Microscopic findings in α1-AT deficiency......Page 189
α1-Antichymotrypsin deficiency......Page 191
Afibrinogenaemia and hypofibrinogenaemia......Page 192
Tyrosinaemia type 1 (hereditary tyrosinaemia)......Page 193
Congenital hyperammonaemia syndromes and urea cycle disorders......Page 195
Cystinosis......Page 196
Homocystinuria (Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency)......Page 197
Familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia......Page 198
Wolman and cholesterol ester storage diseases......Page 199
GM1 gangliosidoses......Page 201
Hexosaminidase B subunit deficiency or defect (Sandhoff disease; infantile Sandhoff disease)......Page 203
α-Galactosidase A deficiency (Fabry disease)......Page 204
Sulphatide lipidosis (metachromatic leucodystrophy)......Page 205
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis......Page 206
Ceramidase deficiency (Farber lipogranulomatosis)......Page 207
Type III (juvenile disease)......Page 208
Sphingomyelin-cholesterol lipidosis (Niemann–Pick disease)......Page 210
Peroxisomal disorders......Page 212
Mevalonate kinase deficiency......Page 213
Primary mitochondrial disorders......Page 214
Navajo neurohepatopathy......Page 216
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)......Page 217
Indian childhood cirrhosis......Page 222
Delta 4–3-oxosteroid, 5β-reductase deficiency......Page 223
FIC1 deficiency (familial intrahepatic cholestasis protein 1 deficiency)......Page 224
BSEP deficiency......Page 225
MDR3 deficiency......Page 226
North American Indian childhood cirrhosis......Page 227
Gilbert syndrome and Crigler–Najjar disease type II......Page 228
Cystic fibrosis......Page 229
Familial and genetic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis......Page 232
Chronic granulomatous disease......Page 233
Liver disease in X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome......Page 234
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome......Page 235
References......Page 236
Iron absorption and transport......Page 275
Regulation of iron homeostasis......Page 276
Historical perspective......Page 277
Definition......Page 279
Pathogenesis......Page 280
HFE-associated haemochromatosis......Page 281
TfR2-associated haemochromatosis......Page 283
Ferroportin disease......Page 284
Hereditary hyperferritinaemia......Page 285
Neonatal haemochromatosis......Page 286
African (-American) iron overload......Page 287
Summary......Page 288
Thalassaemia......Page 289
Parenteral iron overload......Page 290
Hepatitis B and C viruses......Page 291
Alcoholic liver disease......Page 292
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease......Page 293
Portocaval shunting......Page 294
Iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma......Page 295
The role of the liver biopsy in iron overload......Page 297
References......Page 299
Spectrum of fatty liver disease......Page 307
Steatosis......Page 308
Focal fatty change......Page 309
Mallory–Denk bodies......Page 310
Necroinflammation......Page 311
Fibrosis and cirrhosis......Page 312
Clinical features......Page 313
Acetaldehyde metabolism......Page 314
PPARα......Page 315
Mitochondrial abnormalities, oxidant stress and lipid peroxidation......Page 316
Adaptive immunity and autoimmune phenomena......Page 317
Hypoxia and zonality of injury......Page 318
Female gender......Page 319
Chronic viral infections......Page 320
Hepatic iron overload......Page 321
Alcoholic steatosis......Page 322
Perivenular fibrosis......Page 323
Alcoholic hepatitis......Page 324
Vascular and microvascular lesions in alcoholic liver disease......Page 326
Alcoholic cirrhosis......Page 327
Prognosis and reversibility of cirrhosis......Page 328
Hepatic siderosis......Page 329
Hepatocellular carcinoma......Page 330
Medical management......Page 331
Introduction......Page 332
Aminotransferases......Page 333
Incidental findings during evaluation of suspected NASH......Page 334
Steatosis......Page 335
Insulin resistance, NAFLD and NASH......Page 336
Iron and NASH......Page 337
Drug therapy......Page 338
Steatosis......Page 339
Steatohepatitis......Page 340
Megamitochondria......Page 341
Fibrosis and architectural remodelling......Page 342
Histological resolution......Page 346
Natural history of NAFLD......Page 347
Pathology of paediatric NAFLD/NASH......Page 348
Grading and staging in NAFLD and NASH......Page 349
Distinguishing different forms of fatty liver disease......Page 351
References......Page 353
Clinical features......Page 375
Macroscopic appearances......Page 376
Classic acute hepatitis......Page 377
Acute hepatitis with confluent (bridging) necrosis......Page 379
Acute hepatitis with panlobular (panacinar) necrosis......Page 380
Differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis......Page 382
Clinical features......Page 384
Portal inflammation......Page 385
Lobular hepatitis and confluent necrosis......Page 386
Fibrosis and hepatocyte regeneration......Page 387
Regression of fibrosis and cirrhosis......Page 388
The role of cytokines......Page 389
Coinfection by hepatotropic viruses and HIV......Page 390
Application of scoring systems......Page 391
Adequacy of biopsy sampling......Page 392
Dysplasia......Page 394
Histopathology of hepatitis A......Page 395
Molecular virology......Page 396
Clinical course......Page 398
Histopathology of hepatitis B......Page 399
Detection of HBV in tissue sections......Page 400
Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatitis B......Page 401
Molecular virology......Page 402
Histopathology of hepatitis C......Page 403
Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatitis C......Page 404
Type D (δ) hepatitis......Page 405
Type E hepatitis......Page 406
References......Page 407
Viral haemorrhagic fevers......Page 417
Dengue......Page 418
Ebola and Marburg fevers......Page 419
Herpes virus group......Page 420
Herpes simplex......Page 423
Epstein–Barr virus......Page 425
Parvovirus......Page 426
Rabies......Page 428
Rocky Mountain spotted fever......Page 429
Septicaemia and pyogenic liver abscess......Page 430
Typhoid fever......Page 433
Melioidosis......Page 435
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)......Page 436
Lyme disease......Page 437
Primary tuberculosis......Page 438
Post-primary tuberculosis......Page 439
Leprosy (Hansen disease)......Page 440
Mycotic infections......Page 441
Cryptococcosis......Page 442
Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis)......Page 443
Zygomycosis......Page 444
Tropical splenomegaly syndrome......Page 445
Clinical and epidemiological features......Page 446
Epidemiology and clinical features......Page 447
Pathogenesis......Page 448
Ascariasis......Page 449
Visceral larva migrans (toxocariasis)......Page 450
Unilocular hydatidosis......Page 451
Alveolar (multilocular) hydatidosis......Page 452
Epidemiology and clinical features......Page 453
Pathology......Page 454
Ultrasound studies......Page 455
Pathology......Page 456
Pentastomiasis......Page 457
Introduction and epidemiology......Page 458
Direct effects of HIV infection......Page 459
HIV seroconversion illness......Page 460
Adenovirus......Page 461
Other mycobacterioses......Page 462
Nocardiosis......Page 463
Pneumocystis jiroveci (ex-carinii)......Page 464
Amoebiasis......Page 465
Lymphomas......Page 466
Inflammatory pseudo-tumour......Page 467
Cryptosporidiosis......Page 468
Other cholangitides......Page 469
Drug toxicity in HIV disease......Page 470
Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and cART......Page 471
References......Page 472
Epidemiology......Page 481
Pathogenesis......Page 482
Serum studies......Page 485
Histopathology......Page 486
Histopathological features of AIH in remission and relapse......Page 491
Differential diagnosis......Page 492
Overlap and variant syndromes......Page 493
Histological features......Page 494
AIH-PSC overlap......Page 495
AMA-positive AIH......Page 496
Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis......Page 497
Role of liver biopsy in autoimmune hepatitis......Page 500
References......Page 501
Introduction......Page 505
Normal morphology of the biliary tree and peribiliary glands......Page 506
Self-defence system, innate immunity and the bile ducts......Page 507
Metaplasia......Page 509
Biliary epithelial dysplasia......Page 510
Senescence......Page 511
Morphological classification......Page 513
Immunopathological environments of portal tracts and bile ducts......Page 514
Autoantibody-mediated injury......Page 516
Cholestasis......Page 517
Morphology of cholestasis......Page 518
Ductular reaction and fibrosis......Page 520
Biliary fibrosis/cirrhosis......Page 522
Clinical features......Page 523
Laboratory tests......Page 524
Antigen presentation......Page 525
Bile duct injury......Page 526
Parenchymal and interface changes......Page 527
Progressive fibrosis to cirrhosis......Page 529
Classical histological staging......Page 530
Hepatitic activity (HA)......Page 532
Treatment......Page 533
Other viral infection......Page 534
Drug- and toxin-induced injury of bile ducts......Page 535
Septicaemia, endotoxic and toxic shock syndrome......Page 536
Clinical features......Page 537
Radiological features......Page 538
Autoimmune aetiology......Page 539
Pathological features......Page 540
Complications......Page 543
Primary sclerosing cholangitis – autoimmune hepatitis overlap (autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis)......Page 544
Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis......Page 545
Infectious cholangitis......Page 548
Portal biliopathy or cholangiopathy......Page 549
Pure cholesterol stones......Page 550
Peribiliary cysts (multiple hilar cysts)......Page 551
Chronic cholangitis and malignancy......Page 553
Clinical features and diagnosis......Page 554
Later lesions (several weeks to months)......Page 555
Reversibility of changes......Page 556
Pathogenesis and morphogenesis......Page 557
Pathology......Page 558
References......Page 559
Macroanatomy......Page 577
Ultrastructure......Page 578
Congenital anomalies......Page 579
Gallstones......Page 580
Pathogenesis......Page 581
Epidemiology......Page 582
Pathogenesis......Page 583
Acute cholecystitis......Page 584
Acute calculous cholecystitis......Page 585
Chronic cholecystitis......Page 586
Chronic acalculous cholecystitis......Page 588
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis......Page 589
Cholecystitis in patients with AIDS......Page 590
Cholesterolosis......Page 591
Microscopic features......Page 592
Gross and microscopic features......Page 593
Diverticular disease......Page 594
Clinical features......Page 595
Papillary adenoma, intestinal type......Page 597
Differential diagnosis......Page 598
Dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, BilIN) of the gallbladder......Page 599
Immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology......Page 600
Genetic susceptibility......Page 601
Grading......Page 602
Squamous cell carcinoma......Page 603
Molecular pathology......Page 604
Leiomyoma......Page 605
Carcinosarcoma......Page 606
References......Page 607
Arteries......Page 615
Vascular shunts......Page 617
Diseases of hepatic arteries......Page 618
Nomenclature and pathophysiology of portal hypertension......Page 619
Acquired disease of large portal veins (portal vein thrombosis)......Page 620
Acquired disease of small portal veins......Page 621
Clinical findings......Page 622
Aetiology and pathogenesis......Page 623
Pathology......Page 624
Congestive heart failure and constrictive pericarditis......Page 625
Normal sinusoidal structure and sinusoidal reaction to injury......Page 626
Sinusoidal injury and microvascular injury (including veno-occlusive disease)......Page 627
Toxic microvascular injury......Page 628
Pathology of toxic microvascular injury......Page 629
Ischaemic microvascular injury......Page 630
Hepatocellular necrosis- and inflammation-associated microvascular injury......Page 631
Peliosis hepatis......Page 632
Definition of cirrhosis......Page 633
Vascular obstruction and the pathogenesis of cirrhosis......Page 634
Regression of cirrhosis......Page 638
Vascular shunts in cirrhosis......Page 640
Regenerative nodules, nodular hyperplasia and abnormalities of liver shape......Page 641
Large regenerative nodules (LRN), including focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)......Page 642
Lobar or segmental atrophy and hyperplasia......Page 643
References......Page 644
Importance of drug- and chemical-induced hepatic injury......Page 659
Risk factors for DILI......Page 661
Hypersensitivity-related DILI......Page 663
Toxic metabolite-dependent DILI......Page 666
Morphological patterns of toxic hepatic injury......Page 668
Cytotoxic injury: necrosis and cell death (apoptosis)......Page 669
Acute hepatitis-like injury......Page 673
Chronic hepatitis-like injury......Page 676
Granulomatous injury......Page 678
Acute intrahepatic cholestasis......Page 679
Acute hepatocellular and cholestatic injury......Page 680
Steatosis and steatohepatitis......Page 682
Phospholipidosis......Page 687
Fibrosis and cirrhosis......Page 688
Vascular lesions......Page 689
Peliosis hepatis and sinusoidal dilatation......Page 694
Adaptive changes......Page 695
Pigment deposits......Page 696
Biochemical, functional and clinical manifestations of hepatotoxicity......Page 697
Tolerance......Page 698
Chemicals and environmental agents causing hepatic injury......Page 699
Vinyl chloride and other chlorinated ethylenes......Page 700
Hepatotoxic metals......Page 701
Hepatocellular toxins......Page 702
Hepatotoxic pesticides......Page 703
Other hepatotoxic foodstuffs......Page 704
Liver disease due to herbal and related compounds......Page 705
Chaparral......Page 706
Black cohosh......Page 708
Khat......Page 709
Hypervitaminosis A......Page 710
Fluoroquinolones......Page 711
Sulphonamides......Page 712
Tetracyclines......Page 713
Isoniazid (INH)......Page 714
Antifungal agents......Page 715
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) drugs......Page 716
Drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C......Page 717
Halothane-induced liver injury......Page 718
Other anaesthetic agents associated with hepatic injury......Page 719
Risperidone......Page 720
Phenytoin......Page 722
Drugs used in other neurological disorders......Page 723
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)......Page 724
Acetic acid derivatives......Page 726
Other agents......Page 727
Agents employed in the treatment of endocrine disease......Page 728
Thiazolidinediones......Page 729
Thiourea derivatives for thyroid disease......Page 730
Drugs used in cardiovascular diseases......Page 731
Anticoagulants......Page 732
Antihypertensives......Page 733
Drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia......Page 734
Antimetabolites and related agents......Page 735
Alkylating agents......Page 737
H1-receptor antagonists......Page 738
Laxatives......Page 739
Acetaminophen (paracetamol, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP)......Page 740
Other therapeutic agents......Page 741
Treatment of DILI......Page 742
References......Page 743
Introduction......Page 775
Pathology......Page 777
Cytology......Page 779
Pathology......Page 780
Dysplastic nodules and putative premalignant lesions......Page 782
Hepatoblastoma......Page 784
Pathology......Page 785
Epidemiology and aetiology......Page 787
Hepatitis B......Page 788
Hepatitis C......Page 789
Diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease......Page 790
Molecular pathology......Page 791
Epigenetic alterations in preneoplastic lesions......Page 792
Genomic alterations in preneoplastic lesions......Page 793
Molecular alterations in late stages of hepatocarcinogenesis and in metastasis......Page 794
Clinical features......Page 795
Pathology......Page 796
Immunohistochemistry......Page 799
Cytology......Page 802
Differential diagnosis (Table 14.8)......Page 806
Treatment and prognosis......Page 807
Pathology......Page 809
Mixed tumours......Page 811
Von Meyenburg complex (biliary microhamartoma)......Page 812
Bile duct adenoma (peribiliary gland hamartoma)......Page 813
Intraductal papillary neoplasms and biliary papillomatosis......Page 814
Mucinous cystic neoplasm (hepatobiliary cystadenoma)......Page 815
Cholangiocarcinoma......Page 816
Unregulated proliferation......Page 817
Pathology......Page 818
Cytology......Page 820
Natural history and staging......Page 822
Haemangioma......Page 823
Pathology......Page 824
Infantile haemangioma (infantile haemangioendothelioma)......Page 825
Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma......Page 826
Pathology......Page 827
Clinical features......Page 828
Pathology......Page 829
Angiomyolipoma......Page 830
Inflammatory pseudotumour......Page 832
Teratoma......Page 833
Embryonal sarcoma......Page 834
Yolk sac tumour......Page 835
Osteosarcoma......Page 836
Chronic myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes......Page 837
Hodgkin lymphoma......Page 838
Burkitt lymphoma......Page 840
Primary hepatic lymphomas......Page 841
Metastatic tumours......Page 842
References......Page 844
15 Transplantation pathology......Page 867
Indications for liver transplantation......Page 868
Pathological assessments in liver transplantation......Page 869
Examination of native hepatectomy specimens......Page 870
Steatosis......Page 871
Reduced-size and split-liver grafts......Page 872
Preservation/reperfusion injury......Page 873
Hyperacute humoral rejection......Page 875
Differential diagnosis......Page 876
Portal tract lesions in acute rejection......Page 877
Parenchymal changes in acute rejection including central perivenulitis......Page 879
Response to treatment......Page 880
Portal tract changes......Page 881
Parenchymal changes......Page 883
Differential diagnosis of chronic rejection......Page 884
Grading and staging of liver allograft rejection......Page 885
The afferent arm of the immune response: allorecognition......Page 887
Effector mechanisms in liver allograft rejection......Page 888
Graft tolerance......Page 889
Opportunistic viral infections......Page 890
Cytomegalovirus......Page 891
Epstein–Barr virus......Page 892
Other rare opportunistic viruses......Page 893
Vascular problems......Page 894
Biliary complications......Page 895
General aspects......Page 896
Incidence and risk factors......Page 897
Pathogenetic mechanisms......Page 898
Histopathological features and natural history......Page 900
HCV with ‘autoimmune features’ (‘plasma cell hepatitis’)......Page 901
Hepatitis C and rejection......Page 903
Pathogenetic mechanisms......Page 904
Autoimmune hepatitis......Page 905
Primary biliary cirrhosis......Page 906
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)......Page 907
Hepatocellular carcinoma......Page 908
Haemochromatosis (and other causes of iron overload)......Page 909
Hepatitis E......Page 910
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)......Page 911
Unexplained (‘idiopathic’) chronic hepatitis......Page 912
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia......Page 913
Cyclosporin A (CsA)......Page 914
General aspects......Page 915
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)......Page 916
Other viral infections......Page 917
References......Page 918
Introduction......Page 949
Portal tract changes......Page 950
Space-occupying lesions in the liver......Page 951
Hepatic granulomas......Page 952
Sarcoidosis and the liver......Page 957
Hepatic disease in infants......Page 959
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease......Page 960
Steatosis......Page 961
Pylephlebitis and pyogenic abscess......Page 962
Whipple disease......Page 963
Diabetes mellitus......Page 964
Adrenal gland......Page 965
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy......Page 966
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy......Page 967
HELLP syndrome......Page 968
Anaemias......Page 969
Thrombocytopenic purpura......Page 970
Splenosis......Page 971
Sjögren syndrome......Page 972
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)......Page 973
The liver in renal diseases......Page 974
Viral hepatitis......Page 975
Amyloidosis......Page 976
Light chain deposition disease......Page 978
Hyperpyrexia......Page 979
Lichen planus......Page 980
Skin manifestations of liver disease......Page 981
References......Page 982
A......Page 1001
B......Page 1004
C......Page 1006
D......Page 1009
E......Page 1010
F......Page 1011
G......Page 1012
H......Page 1014
I......Page 1018
L......Page 1020
M......Page 1022
N......Page 1024
O......Page 1025
P......Page 1026
R......Page 1028
S......Page 1029
T......Page 1031
V......Page 1032
Z......Page 1034